Aim To explore the effects of the inhibition of cell adhesion , invasion and migration in non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) H460 and A549 cells in-duced by platycodin-D ( PD ) and its mechanism. Methods Cell adhesion assay, wound-healing assay and Transwell chamber migration assay were used to detect the ability of cell adhesion, migration and inva-sion. Regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA was de-termined by RT-PCR. Meanwhile, Western blot was performed to determine the expression levels of MMP-2/9 , its upstream related proteins of ERK signaling pathway and p-Akt. Results PD effectively inhibited the ability of cell adhesion, invasion and migration in H460 and A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner ( P<0. 05 ) . PD reduced the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA in H460 and A549 cells ( P<0. 01 );meanwhile, PD down-regulated the expression levels of MMP-2/9 , and inhibited the expression of its upstream proteins Ras, p-c-Raf, p-ERK 1/2 and p-Akt in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Conclusions PD inhibits cell adhesion, invasion and migration in NSCLC cells, and these effects are related to the down-regulation of the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 mR-NA and protein, and inhibition of its upstream expres-sion of ERK signaling pathway and p-Akt.

Platycodin-D (PD) is the major monomer of triterpene saponins in the root of Platycodon grandiflorum. Recent studies have demonstrated that PD has a wide range of anti-tumor effect and its efficacy is satisfying. This article reviewed anti-tumor mechanisms of PD from the aspects of proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis, immune and anti-inflammation, etc., with a purpose to provide a theoretical basis and reference for the further development and better utilization of PD and taking its anti-tumor advantage.

BACKGROUND:Myocardial patches are used as an effective way to repair damaged myocardium,and there is controversy over which cells to use to make myocardial patches and how to maximize the therapeutic effect of myocardial patches in vivo. OBJECTIVE:To find out the best way to make myocardial patches by overviewing the cellular sources of myocardial patches and strategies for perfecting them. METHODS:The first author searched PubMed and Web of Science databases by using"cell sheet,cell patch,cardiomyocytes,cardiac progenitor cells,fibroblasts,embryonic stem cell,mesenchymal stem cells"as English search terms,and searched CNKI and Wanfang databases by using"myocardial patch,biological 3D printing,myocardial"as Chinese search terms.After enrollment screening,94 articles were ultimately included in the result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The cellular sources of myocardial patches are mainly divided into three categories:somatic cells,monoenergetic stem cells,and pluripotent stem cells,respectively.There are rich sources of cells for myocardial patches,but not all of them are suitable for making myocardial patches,e.g.,myocardial patches made from fibroblasts and skeletal myoblasts carry a risk of arrhythmogenicity,and mesenchymal stem cells have a short in vivo duration of action and ethical concerns.With the discovery of induced multifunctional stem cells,a reliable source of cells for making myocardial patches is available.(2)There are two methods of making myocardial patches.One is using cell sheet technology.The other is using biological 3D printing technology.Cell sheet technology can preserve the extracellular matrix components intact and can maximally mimic the cell growth ring in vivo.However,it is still difficult to obtain myocardial patches with three-dimensional structure by cell sheet technology.Biologicasl 3D printing technology,however,can be used to obtain myocardial patches with three-dimensional structures through computerized personalized design.(3)The strategies for perfecting myocardial patches mainly include:making myocardial patches after co-cultivation of multiple cells,improving the ink formulation and scaffold composition in biological 3D printing technology,improving the therapeutic effect of myocardial patches,suppressing immune rejection after transplantation,and perfecting the differentiation and cultivation protocols of stem cells.(4)There is no optimal cell source or method for making myocardial patches,and myocardial patches obtained from a particular cell or technique alone often do not achieve the desired therapeutic effect.Therefore,researchers need to choose the appropriate strategy for making myocardial patches based on the desired therapeutic effect before making them.

OBJECTIVE To develop the evaluation system for the readability of drug instructions based on Chinese patient needs， and to provide scientific evidence for improving the readability of drug instructions in China. METHODS The literature review and expert consultation were adopted to establish the evaluation index system for the readability of drug instructions. Then， by the analytic hierarchy process， the index weight in the evaluation system was determined， and the evaluation system for the readability of drug instructions was established. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation was used to test the evaluation system， taking drug instruction of Dexamethasone acetate cream as an example. RESULTS The evaluation system for the readability of drug instructions was established with 5 primary criteria such as text expression， numerical application， content design， behavioral suggestions， and layout design， as well as 17 sub-criteria such as easy-to-understand words and appropriately long sentences. The reliability and validity tests met the requirements. The result of 100 respondents evaluating the readability of the drug instructions of Dexamethasone acetate cream showed that the readability of drug instructions was scored as good as 4.24. CONCLUSIONS Established evaluation system for the readability of drug instructions in the study can be used to evaluate the quality and readability of drug instructions in China.