By combining with concrete examples ,the paper Introduces the basic concepts and errors of the statistical analysis in scientific papers ,analyzes the errors and ambiguities of practical application ,and make some coping strategies for reference.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of trigonelline in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes during hypoxia /reoxygenation and its mechanism .Methods The neonatal rat cardiomyocytes was randomly divided into the normal control group , the hypoxia/reoxygenation group and the trigonelline group .Flow cytometry was used to determine the apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential .The levels of SOD and MDA were measured in different groups .Western blot method was used to measure the procaspase‐9 ,cleaved caspase‐9 ,procaspase‐3 and cleaved caspase‐3 protein level .Results Trigonelline could inhibit apoptosis (P<0 .05) ,enhanced activity of SOD (P<0 .05) ,reduce production of MDA (P<0 .05) ,stabilize the mitochondrial membrane potential (P<0 .05) and activate caspase‐9 and caspase‐3 in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes during hypoxia/reoxygenation .Conclusion Trigo‐nelline could protect myocardial cells from injury caused by hypoxia and reoxygenation ,and the mechanism may be associated with anti‐lipid peroxidation and stabilizing mitochondria membrane potential .

Translational medicine is a subject on translating basic research results to clinical applications and pathophysiology is a bridge course combining basic and clinical medicine.Results were good by applying concept of translational medicine in pathophysiology teaching and detailed measures included carrying out case analyses,adding clinical pathophysiology course,developing comprehensive experiments and opening laboratories,etc.

Objective To investigate the correlation of plasma matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3)levels and MMP-3 Lys45Glu (rs679620) polyrnorphism with ischemic stroke and its TOAST subtypes.Methods The patients with large artery atherosclerotic stroke (LAA) and small artery occlusion stroke (SAO)according to TOAST etiological typing (ischemic stroke group) and healthy subjects (control group) were enrolled.The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect plasma MMP-3 level.The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to detect the genotypes of MMP-3 Lys45Glu.Results A total of 233 patients with ischemic stroke were enrolled,in which 162 were LAA and 71 were SAO; 200 healthy subjects were taken as controls.The plasma MMP-3 level in the ischernic stroke group was significantly higher than that in the control goup (253.99 ± 75.02 ng/ml vs.196.38 ± 78.17 ng/ml;t =7.813,P=0.000).The plasma MMP-3 level in the LAA group (262.81 ±69.23 ng/ml) was significantly higher than those in thegroups of SAO (233.85 ± 83.90 ng/ml,P =0.008) and control (P =0.000),and the plasma MMP-3 level in the SAO was also significantly higher than that in the control group (P =0.000).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the increased serum MMP-3 level was an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke (odds ratio [OR] 1.012,95％ confidence interval [CI] 1.008-1.015; P =0.000).There was no significant difference in the frequencies of genotype (x2 =2.085,P =0.353) and allele (x2 =2.29,P =0.130) of MMP-3 Lys45Glu between the ischemic stroke group and the control group.However,there were significant difference in MMP-3 Lys45Glu genotype frequencies among.the groups of LAA,SAO and control (x2 =10.39,P=0.034).The AA + GA genotype frequency in the LAA group was significant higher than those in the groups of SAO (65.4％ vs.49.3％ ;x2 =5.375,P =0.020) and control (65.4％ vs.54.0％ ;x2 =4.84,P =0.028).There was no significant difference in the allele frequencies among the groups of LAA,SAO and control (x2 =3.887,P =0.143).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that MMP-3 Lys45Glu polymorphism was an independent risk factor for LAA (OR 1.783,95％ CI 1.183-2.688; P =0.006).The plasma MMP-3 level in patients with the genotypes AA (n =73),GA (n =176) and GG (n =184)were 235.70 ± 70.85 ng/ml,(244.20 ± 85.90 ng/ml and 207.98 ± 77.61 ng/ml.There were significant difference in the plasma MMP-3 levels among the patients with the genotypes AA,GA and GG (F=9.682,P =0.000).The plasma MMP-3 level in the patients with the genotype AA + GA was significantly higher than that in patients with genotype GG (241.71 ± 81.73 ng/ml vs.207.98 ± 77.61 ng/ml; t =4.336,P =0.000).Conclusions The plasma MMP-3 level increased in patients with LAA or SAO,especially in the patients with LAA.The MMP-3 Lys45Glu polymorphism might be associated with the plasma MMP-3 level and LAA.

Acute Disease ; Fatal Outcome ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn ; diagnosis ; therapy

Objective:To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of controlled low central venous pressure (CLCVP) applied in patients undergoing hepatectomy.Methods:PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP databases were searched from inception to October 1, 2022 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving CLCVP in hepatectomy.All RCTs enrolled included CLCVP group and conventional operation group.The major evaluation indicators were intraoperative blood loss, operation duration and intraoperative blood transfusion.The secondary evaluation indicators were intraoperative monitoring indicators, postoperative liver and renal function, and complications at 1 day after operation.Meta-analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.3 software.Results:A total of 25 RCTs involving 1 816 patients were finally included.Compared with conventional operation group, the intraoperative blood loss was significantly reduced, the operation time was shorten, the rate of intraoperative blood transfusion was decreased, the amount of blood transfused was decreased ( P<0.01), and no significant change was found in intraoperative hemodynamic parameters and parameters of liver and renal function at 1 day after operation, and incidence of gas embolism, pleural effusion and bile leakage in CLCVP group ( P>0.05). Conclusions:CLCVP is safe and effective during hepatectomy.

OBJECTIVETo observe whether adenosine Al receptor (Al R) mediated neuroprotection of Shenmai Injection (SI) on rat cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.

METHODSThe focal cerebral I/R model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Totally 60 successfully modeled rats was divided into 5 groups according to randomized block principle, i.e., the model group, the SI group, the SI + AlR antagonist (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine, DPCPX) group, the AlR antagonist control group, and the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) control group, 12 in each group. Besides, a sham-operation group was set up (n =12). SI at 15 mL/kg was peritoneally injected to mice in the SI group immediately after cerebral I/R. Equal volume of normal saline was injected to mice in the model group and the sham-operation group. DPCPX at 1 mg/mL was peritoneally injected to mice in the Al R antagonist control group 30 min before peritoneal injecting SI. DPCPX at 1 mg/kg and DMSO at 1 mL/kg were peritoneally injected to mice in the AlR antagonist control group and the DMSO control group 30 min immediately before cerebral I/R. Rats' neurobehavioral scores were assessed after 24 h reperfusion. The volume of cerebral infarction and Bcl-2 protein expression of cerebral infarction penumbra were also detected. Results Compared with the sham-operation group, neurobehavioral scores, the volume of cerebral infarction, and Bcl-2 protein expression increased (all P <0. 05). Compared with the model group, neurobehavioral scores and the volume of cerebral infarction obviously decreased, but Bcl-2 protein expression increased in the SI group (all P <0. 05). Compared with the SI group, neurobehavioral scores increased, the volume of cerebral infarction was obviously enlarged, and Bcl-2 protein expression was obviously reduced in the A1R antagonist control group (all P <0. 05).

CONCLUSIONSSI's neurobehavioral scores could be partially reversed in the Al R antagonist control group, the volume of cerebral infarction and Bcl-2 protein expression improved. AlR might possibly meditate neuroprotection of SI on MACO mire

Adenosine ; Animals ; Brain Ischemia ; drug therapy ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery ; Mice ; Neuroprotection ; physiology ; Neuroprotective Agents ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptor, Adenosine A1 ; metabolism ; Reperfusion Injury ; drug therapy ; Xanthines

BACKGROUNDHemorrhagic shock induces immune dysfunction. Regulatory T cells (Tregs), T-helper (Th) cells, and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) can execute many crucial actions in immune and inflammatory responses. This study was conducted to investigate the early pathophysiological changes of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg and Th1/Th2, Tc1/Tc2 profiles in the peripheral blood of rats with controlled hemorrhagic shock and no fluid resuscitation.

METHODSA rat model of controlled hemorrhagic shock with no fluid resuscitation was established. Peripheral blood samples were taken before and four hours after hemorrhagic shock with no fluid resuscitation. Three color flow cytometry was used to detect Tregs, Th1, Th2, Tc1 and Tc2 cells in the samples.

RESULTSIn the peripheral blood of rats, the percentage of Tregs four hours after hemorrhagic shock was significantly lower than before hemorrhagic shock (P = 0.001). The ratios of Th1/Th2 and Tc1/Tc2 were changed from (23.08 ± 8.98)% to (23.91 ± 15.36)%, and from (40.40 ± 21.56)% to (65.48 ± 23.88)%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSAt an early stage, the advent of hemorrhagic shock is related to an early decrease of Tregs, and a mild shift in the Th1/Th2, Tc1/Tc2 balance toward Th1 and Tc1 dominance. These changes are part of a hyper-inflammatory state of the host, and will deteriorate the maintenance of immune balance. Further influences and detailed mechanisms need to be investigated.

Animals ; CD4 Antigens ; metabolism ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; metabolism ; Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit ; metabolism ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Resuscitation ; Shock, Hemorrhagic ; immunology ; metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic ; metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory ; metabolism ; Th1 Cells ; metabolism ; Th2 Cells ; metabolism

BACKGROUNDHemorrhagic shock is usually associated with complicated immune and inflammatory responses, which are sometimes crucial for the prognosis. As regulators of the immune and inflammatory system; proliferation, migration, distribution and activation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are intimately linked to the inflammation cascade.

METHODSIn a model of severe hemorrhagic shock, thirty-five rats were randomly divided into control, sham, normal saline resuscitation (NS), hypertonic saline resuscitation (HTS), and hydroxyethyl starch resuscitation (HES), with seven in each group. MDSCs were analyzed by flow cytometric staining of CD11b/c(+)Gra(+) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), spleen cell suspensions, and bone marrow nucleated cells (BMNC). Simultaneously, the expressions of arginase-1 (ARG-1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA in MDSCs were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).

RESULTSIn the early stage after hemorrhagic shock, fluid resuscitation and emergency treatment, the MDSCs in the PBMC of NS, HTS and HES groups markedly increased, and MDSCs in BMNC of these groups decreased accordingly, significantly different to the control group. In hemorrhagic shock rats infused with HTS at the early resuscitation stage, MDSCs in PBMC increased about 2 and 4 folds, and MDSCs in BMNC decreased about 1.3 and 1.6 folds, as compared to the sham group respectively, with statistically significant difference. Furthermore, compared to the NS and HES groups, the MDSCs in PBMC of HTS group increased 1.6 and 1.8 folds with statistically significant differences; the MDSCs decrease in BMNC was not significant. However, there was no statistically significant difference in MDSCs of spleen among the five groups. In addition, compared to the control, sham, NS and HES groups, the ARG-1 and iNOS mRNA of MDSCs in PBMC, spleen and BMNC in the HTS group had the highest level of expression, but no statistically significant differences were noted.

CONCLUSIONSIn this model of rat with severe and controlled hemorrhagic shock, small volume resuscitation with HTS contributes to dramatically early migration and redistribution of MDSCs from bone marrow to peripheral circulation, compared to resuscitation with NS or HES.

Animals ; Arginase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Blood Pressure ; physiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Flow Cytometry ; Fluid Therapy ; methods ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; metabolism ; Male ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Saline Solution, Hypertonic ; therapeutic use ; Shock, Hemorrhagic ; immunology ; metabolism ; therapy

To compare the early effects of hypertonic and isotonic saline resuscitation on heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in organs of rats with hemorrhagic shock. Rats were randomly divided into hypertonic saline resuscitation (HTS), normal saline resuscitation (NS) and sham groups. HO-1 mRNA, protein expression and apoptosis were evaluated in organs. In the HTS group, significant difference was noted in HO-1 protein in small intestinal mucosa and liver compared with the NS and sham groups, and in HO-1 mRNA in liver and kidney compared with the sham group. The apoptosis of small intestinal mucosa, liver, heart, and lung was significantly lower in the HTS group than that in the NS group. In this study, small volume resuscitation with HTS can efficiently up-regulate the expression level of HO-1 in small intestinal mucosa and liver, which may be one of the mechanisms alleviating organ damage.
Animals ; Base Sequence ; Blood Pressure ; DNA Primers ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; drug effects ; Heme Oxygenase-1 ; metabolism ; Intestine, Small ; enzymology ; Kidney ; enzymology ; Liver ; enzymology ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Rats ; Resuscitation ; methods ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Saline Solution, Hypertonic ; pharmacology ; Shock, Hemorrhagic ; enzymology