Tension-type headache is now the term used to describe headaches that have previously been grouped under various ill-defined headings, such as 'tension headache', 'stress headache' and 'muscle contraction headache'. Tension-type headaches are characterized by a pain that is mild to moderate in severity, bilateral in distribution, pressing or tightening in quality, and are not accompanied by major systemic disturbances or neurological signs. Tension-type headaches, the most prevalent from of headaches, are differentiated as being either episodic or chronic, Very little research on this disease has actually been carried out, and knowledge about key pathophysiological issues, such as the nature and site of the noxious stimulus, is limited. As a result of this and the lack of scientific interest for this from of headache in the medical field, the treatment is non-specific. However, it is suggested that a peripheral mechanism of tension-type headache be involved in the episodic form, whereas a secondary central sensitization and/or an impaired supraspinal modulation of incoming stimuli be involved in subjects with the chronic from. While most people with tension-type headaches experience mild, infrequent episodes, so that they do not regard the headache as a disease, a monority have chronic and often daily symptoms. The understanding of the balance between peripheral and central components in tension-type headache may lead us to a better prevention and treatment of this most prevalent type of headaches. This article presents a review on the drug therapy of tension-type headaches in adults.
Adult ; Central Nervous System Sensitization ; Drug Therapy* ; Head ; Headache ; Humans ; Tension-Type Headache*

Tremor is defined as involuntary, rhythmic, and sinusoidal movement. The rate, location, amplitude, and constancy vary depending on the specific type of tremor and its severity. Etiologies and treatment of tremors differ according to the type of tremor. It is helpful to determine whether the tremor is present at rest, with posture-holding, with action or with intention maneuvers. Rest tremor is most typically present in patients with Parkinson's disease. Physiologic tremors and essential tremors are common forms of postural tremor. Intention tremor is typically present in cerebellar lesions. Associated neurological symptoms and signs are also helpful for differential diagnosis. Not all patients with hand tremor have Parkinson's disease. Rest tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and loss of postural reflex are cardinal signs of Parkinson's disease. Careful observation of the patient is the key point of diagnosis in patients with tremor.
Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Essential Tremor ; Hand* ; Humans ; Hypokinesia ; Intention ; Parkinson Disease* ; Reflex ; Tremor*

The routine interictal electroencephalogram(EEG) continues to play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy. The clinical investigation of brain disease in the last decade has been marked by dramatic advances in functional imaging. magnetic resonance scanning and digitized EEG. Epilepsy is a disorder of electrical hyperirritability. The sensitivity and specificity of the EEG in the diagosis of epilepsy have been disputed. In this review, the type of EEG also the role of EEG in various clinical situations are summarized.
Brain Diseases ; Diagnosis* ; Electroencephalography* ; Epilepsy* ; Sensitivity and Specificity

A clinical observation was made on the obstruction at the ureteropelvic Juncture of the inpatient in the Department of Urology. Seoul National University Hospital during the period September, 1961 through August, 1968 and the following results were observed. 1. Of 1824 cases hospitalized, 33 cases werehydronephrosis of non-calculous origin. Among the 33 cages 10 were obstruction ofthe ureteropelvic juncture giving a rate of 30.3%. Age distribution ranged from 4to 48 years with average of 26 years. 2. As to the origin of the obstruction, 5 cases were due to aberrant vessel one congenital stricture one fibrous band and one fibrosis, respectively. The causes were unknown in 2 cases. 3. The most common complaints were pain on the involved site in 8 cases. Palpable mass, gastrointestinal trouble and general weakness were found in 6 cases. Loss of weight and pollakisuria were noted in 3 cases. Hypertension. hematuria, fever andedema were found respectively in one case. 4. All cases including two which showed non-function on IVP showed markedly dilated pelvis and marked narrowing ofthe ureteropelvic juncture. 5. Nephrectomy was performed in 5 cases, removal of aberrant vessel in 2, ureteroplasty in one and ureteral dilation with contralateral nephrectomy in 2.
Age Distribution ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Fever ; Fibrosis ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Inpatients ; Nephrectomy ; Pelvis ; Seoul ; Ureter ; Urology

No abstract available.
Cerebrospinal Fluid* ; Child* ; Humans ; Lymphocytosis* ; Meningitis, Bacterial*

No abstract available.
Aged* ; Humans ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases*

Seidel nail is one of locked humeral nail and Seidel himself reported excellent result in his preliminary report using his nail. But our early experience showed disappointing result with high rate of complications, So we reviewed our 16 cases of humeral shaft fracture with polytrauma treated with Seidel nail and studied anatomical fitness of the nail within the distal medullary space using CT scan. The most frequent complication was intraoperative fracture of the proximal humerus < 4 cases> and this seemed to be due to lateral placement of pilot hole. There were 3 cases of nonunion and these cases showed insufficient distal anchorage, either primarily or postoperatively. Anatomical fitness study showed insufficient spreading of nail flanges in 5 cases of distal canal width below 9mm and nonunion cases were in this group. Other problems of Seidel nail were technical difficulties due to occasionally incorrect proximal targeting device and frequent breakage of adaptor screw. Study of more cases may be needed to confirm the design problem of Seidel nail.
Humerus ; Multiple Trauma ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

This study was aimed to comprehend the pattern of renal response in bicarbonate reabsorption during various alterations in acid-base equilibrium in twelve dogs. In metabolic acidosis induced by infusion of hydrochloric acid, as the plasma bicarbonate and filtered load of bicarbonate decreased eminently, urinary excretion of bicarbonate was found to be negligible. which was attributable to almost complete reabsorption via the hydration of CO2. In metabolic alkalosis induced by infusion of sodium bicarbonate, along with an increment of plasma concentration of bicarbonate, all filtered bicarbonate was reabsorbed, with negligible amount of excretion until the plasma level attains the renal bicarbonate threshold. During the respiratory acidosis and alkalosis with higher or lower arterial Pco2, the bicarbonate reabsorption varied linearly with plasma Pco2. The linear relationship indicated that the hydration of CO, was an important source of hydrogen ion for the reabsorption of bicarbonate. In this regards, however, in metabolic alkalosis the renal bicarbonate threshold was found to be much higher than that of respiratory acidosis. The characteristics of renal bicarbonate reabsorption, during the mixed acid-base disturbances of metabolic and respiratory origin with no considerable alteration of plasma pH, induced by hydrochloric acid infusion with hyperventilation or sodium bicarbonate infusion with CO2 inhalation, were quite similar to those in metabolic acidosis and alkalosis caused by simple hydrochloric acid or sodium bicarbonate infusion, respectively.
Acid-Base Equilibrium ; Acidosis ; Acidosis, Respiratory ; Alkalosis ; Animals ; Dogs* ; Hydrochloric Acid ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration* ; Hyperventilation ; Inhalation ; Plasma* ; Protons ; Sodium Bicarbonate

No abstract available.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Drug Therapy ; Neoadjuvant Therapy

Urea reduction ratio (URR) and Kt/Vurea are objective parameters of dialysis delivery in hemodialysis patients and correlate with nutritional status and patient outcome. URR and Kt/Vurea depend on postdialysis blood urea nitrogen (BUN). In patients with severe postdialysis urea rebound (PDUR), these parameters do not accurately reflect dialysis adequacy. We measured PDUR 30 minutes after dialysis in 26 chronic stable hemodialysis patients. The impact of PDUR on dialysis delivery assessed by URR and Kt/Vurea and the independent factors affecting on PDUR were evaluated. All patients had been dialyzed for 4 hours thrice a week using hemophan membrane. 1) The mean age of patients was 48.6+/-14.8 years and sex ratio was 1:2.3. The mean duration of hemodialysis was 42.7+/-45.0 months. Primary renal diseases were chronic glomerulonephritis 11 (42.3%), diabetic nephropathy 7 (26.9%), and hypertension 4 (15.4%). 2) The mean blood flow was 209.2+/-17.4ml/min. URR, Kt/Vurea, and nPCR using immediate postdialysis BUN were 60+/-7%, 1.13+/-0.21, 1.09+/-0.28g/kg/ day, respectively. The mean recirculation rate was 4.4+/-2.3%. 3)The mean PDUR was 12.2+/-4.6% (range:6-22 %). URR, Kt/Vurea, and nPCR using BUN 30 minutes after dialysis were 55+/-7%, 0.99+/-0.18, and 1.02+/-0.25 g/kg/day, respectively and were significantly lower than those using immediate postdialysis BUN (P<0.05). 4) When the patients were divided according to the degree of PDUR (low PDUR group:<12%, high PDUR group: > or = 12%), high PDUR group was significantly higher than low PDUR group in hematocrit (27.0+/-2.6 vs. 23.5+/-3.6%, P=0.008), URR (64.3+/-5.4 vs. 55.8+/-6.8%, P=0.002), Kt/Vurea (1.26+/-0.17 vs. 1.03+/-0.18, P=0.002), and total recirculation rate (5.6+/-2.7 vs. 3.6+/-1.7%, P=0.05). There were no differences in age, sex, postdialysis body weight, ultrafiltration rate, blood flow, serum albumin, predialysis BUN, creatinine, and nPCR. 5) In multiple regression analysis, the independent factors affecting on PDUR were Kt/Vurea (beta=0.546, P<0.001), recirculation rate (beta=0.422, P<0.001), and hematocrit (beta=0.366, P=0.0017). In conclusion, we think that PDUR should be considered in hemodialysis patients when estimating dialysis delivery, especially if they had high Kt/ Vurea, recirculation rate, and hematocrit.
Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Body Weight ; Creatinine ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; Dialysis* ; Glomerulonephritis ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Membranes ; Nutritional Status ; Renal Dialysis* ; Serum Albumin ; Sex Ratio ; Ultrafiltration ; Urea*