No abstract available.
Complementary Therapies* ; Humans

OBJECTIVES: Cancer is the second most frequent cause of death in Korea. Cancer screening tests can save lives through early detection. Enhancing the cancer screening rate is an important strategy for reducing cancer mortality. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the screening rate and related factors in a rural area. The study investigated relationships between sociodemographic characteristics, several preventive behaviors, and the experience of several cancer screening behaviors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population was recruited voluntarily from the three rural areas(Myen) in Chungju city. The participants completed structured questionnaire from July 21, 1998 to July 26, 1998. RESULTS: The proportions of the study population who had previously received stomach, liver, breast, or cervix cancer screening tests were 24.5%, 18.5%, 27.0%, 59.2% respectively. The 1-year screening rates of stomach, liver, breast, and cervix cancer were 7.4%, 6.8%, 8.6%, 15.6% respectively. In multivariate logistic analysis, some sociodemographic variables, preventive behaviors, or psychological variables were significantly associated with several cancer screening tests. Those who had previously received a stomach cancer screening test were significantly associated with the presence of chronic disease, physician? recommendation, use of alcohol family history of cancer, or previous liver cancer screening test. Those who had previously received a liver cancer screening test were associated with education level, physician? recommendation and previous stomach cancer screening test. Those who had received a cervix cancer screening test were significantly associated with education level, presence of a transportation vehicle, physician? recommendation use of alcohol and previous breast cancer screening test. And those who had received a previous breast cancer screening test were significantly associated with age, marital status, and earlier cervix cancer screening test. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study a strategy to promote cancer screening and health objectives at the district level can be made.
Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Cause of Death ; Chronic Disease ; Chungcheongbuk-do ; Early Detection of Cancer* ; Education ; Humans ; Korea ; Liver ; Liver Neoplasms ; Marital Status ; Mass Screening ; Mortality ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Stomach ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Transportation ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

No abstract available.
Female ; Humans ; Liver Diseases/*economics ; Male

Decentralization to local governments and amending of Health center Law are to promote the efforts of health planning at the level of local agencies. In the health facility planning, it is important to take into account that what to be built, where to be located, how far should be service area and so forth, because health facilities are immovable, and require capital as well as personnel and consumable supplies. The aim of our study, answering to the question of 'where to be located?`, is to determine the best location of urban health sub-center. At the local level, planning is the matter of finding the best location of specific facility, in relation to population needs. We confine the accessibility, which is basic to location planning, to geographic one. Location-Allocation Model is used to solve the problem where the location is to maximize geographic accessibility. To minimize the weighted travel distance, objective function, Rk= aijwidij is used. Distances are measured indirectly by map measure-meter with l:25,000 Suwon map, and each potential sites, 10 administrative Dongs in Kwonson Gu, Suwon, are weighted by each number of households, total population, maternal age group, child age group, old age group, Relief for the livelihood, and population/primary health clinics. we find that Kuwoon-Dong, Seodun-Dong, Seryu3-Dong, according the descending orders, are best sites which can minimize the weighted distance, and conclude that it is reasonable to determine the location of urban health sub-center among those sites.
Child ; Equipment and Supplies ; Family Characteristics ; Gyeonggi-do ; Health Facilities ; Health Facility Planning ; Health Planning ; Humans ; Jurisprudence ; Maternal Age ; Politics ; Urban Health*

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the medical students' consciousness on volunteer activities. What kinds of volunteer activities they had done, what kinds of volunteer activities they want to participate in, how they think about making volunteer program as school regular curriculum, and how they feel about volunteer activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study subjects are first, second grade premedical students and first, second grade medical students. Self-administered questionnaire was conducted at October, 1999. Finally, 119 questionnaire is collected, which is 74% of all students except 3rd, 4th grade students. RESULTS: Study subjects had participated in several volunteer activities. 44.5% of them had participated in some volunteer activities since they had become to college student, 30.8% of them participated in summer rural volunteer activity, and 39.3% of them had donated their blood. Many students(79.66%) agreed that volunteer activities are required as college students, and if they might have some opportunities to participate in volunteer activities, they would like to(54.17%). However, Only 22.50% of subjects agreed to make volunteer activities as regular medical curriculum. Even though the percentage showed low, they intended to apply to the curriculum (40.83%). Most of them agreed there were in need of participating in hospital volunteer activities(82.50%) and community volunteer activities(78.33%). Among hospital volunteer activities, they wanted to participate in volunteer activities at supporting department(26.05%), emergency room (22.69%), out-patient department(21.01%), and in-patient department(21.01%). They wanted to have volunteer activities at institution(66.39%) rather than to individual person(33.61%). They wanted to participate in friendly supports(40.34%), out-going supports(28.57%), house work supports(22.69%). Factor analysis showed that recognition of volunteer activities had 5 latent dimensions: 'self-achievement'(16.15%), 'social exchange and the pursue of experience(13.93%)', 'social responsibility of college(13.03%)', 'leisure of worth and expert activity(12.40%)', 'passive and meeting other's expectation(9.03%)' CONCLUSION: From above results, We found premedical and medical students had participated in various volunteer activities and they had much more intention to participate in. Before developing and designing volunteer programmes, One should consider they have various aspects on the programmes. The programmes should not be emphasized on altruistic aspect and social responsibility extremely, but rather it should be considered how the programmes could give the opportunities for the social exchange, social relationship, sense of solidarity, and usefulness of acquired medical knowledge and skill.
Consciousness* ; Curriculum ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Hospital Volunteers ; Humans ; Intention ; Outpatients ; Schools, Medical* ; Social Responsibility ; Students, Medical ; Students, Premedical ; Volunteers* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVE: This paper examines the possible toxicity to immune system in farmers chronically exposed to pesticides. METHODS: We compared 43 male farmers exposed to pesticides with 29 male residents who had neither past nor current pesticides exposure. The selected variables for studying immunotoxicity were WBC, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD56, IgG, IgA, IgM, and IL-2. As part of the baseline questionnaires for the immunotoxicity, subjects were asked about kinds of farming, pesticides exposure and medical history. RESULTS: None of the variables for studying immunotoxicity showed statistically significant difference between the two groups. Although the results were not statistically significant, CD4 and the CD4/CD8 ratio decreased and CD8 increased. These effects showed a dose response change with exposure level. In the exposed group, the values of CD3, CD4, CD4/CD8 and CD19 decreased and those of the CD8 and CD56 increased compared to the non-exposed group. Also there was higher prevalence of self-reported disease in the exposed group compared to the non-exposed group. CONCLUSIONS: Although statistically significant differences in indices of immunotoxicity in farmers exposed to pesticides were not shown, the results suggest that pesticides may decrease immune function. More advanced test methods for immunotoxicity need to be developed and tested in larger population to detect immunotoxic effects of pesticides.
Humans ; Immune System ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M ; Interleukin-2 ; Male ; Pesticides* ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: It is necessary to develop a proper payment system for more health care facilities to provide hospice and palliative cares. In deciding the proper level of payment for hospice per diem fee, willingness to pay (WTP) may provide one of the critical information. This study was conducted to determine WTP for hospice care and to analyze those factors affecting WTP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A contingent valuation method with a double-bounded dichotomous-choice model was used. Interview survey was organized and conducted by a survey company from April 4 to 18, 2008. The mean WTP was calculated through an infinite integration of survival functions. RESULTS: The average willingness to pay was found to be 42,240 Korean won (KRW) (USD 35), with the amount becoming higher as hospice services were deemed more necessary or where average monthly household income was higher. The amount was also higher among male respondents than females. CONCLUSION: To compare this WTP with actual cost (32,500 KRW) (USD 27) for hospice care. To facilitate hospice service, hospice specific payment system should be developed. This study provides information regarding the general public's preference of hospice service and their WTP for hospice care, and it may be useful in the decision-making process.
Fees and Charges ; Female ; Health Care Costs ; Hospice Care/*economics/psychology ; Humans ; Male ; *Public Opinion ; Socioeconomic Factors

It is an important task to give adequate nutritions to infants and to wean properly for rapid growth. This study was conducted to survey on doing the weaning activities of the first-time mother. This study was to provide basic data of health teaching and nursing intervention for the promotion of ideal weaning activities. Survey was done from January to February in 2001. Total 444 mothers who have first-time baby under twelve month old were interviwed in five community health center around contry (Seoul, Choung-ju, Asan, Cheon-an, Jeju). The results are summarized as follows; Starting time of weaning was common in four month old(40.4%). Most common daily weaning times by age showed once(under 3 months), twice(4 to 7 months), three times(8 to 12 months). The younger, the more commercial weaning products(p < 0.01). Education level showed relatively positive relation with home-made weaning food(p < 0.05). Items showed low scores in 4 to 7 months group were starting new food item, waiting at least one week interval to new food, feeding by milk bottle, allowing grasping spoon, consulting pediatrician for problems after weaning, starting from morning, regular schedule. Items showed low scores in 8 to 12 months group were feeding whole egg rather than yolk only up to 12 months, keeping weaning interval were increased, feeding by milk bottle, trying various cooking method, not giving commerical cooking and instant food and unproper raw milk feeding. In weaning activities by general factors, mother age, health status, marriage duration, monthly income were statistically significant (p < 0.05). To improve good weening activities, targetting on low maternal age and poor health status, and low income group, developing teaching materials and training program for items showed low scores and proper weaning time, type of easy home-made food and easy cooking method should be provided. Further study on effect of nursing intervention to improve weaning activities are needed.
Appointments and Schedules ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Community Health Centers ; Cooking ; Education ; Hand Strength ; Humans ; Infant ; Marriage ; Maternal Age ; Milk ; Mothers* ; Nursing ; Ovum ; Teaching Materials ; Weaning* ; Child Health

Sodium nidroprusside has recently come. into widespread usage, not only for the treatment of severe hypertension but also for induced hypotension during surgery. Induced hypotension was produced during general anesthesia by the infusion of sodium nidruopsside in 0. 0l% solution, in two patients undergoing ligation and division of patent ductus arteriosua with pulmonary hypertension. In these cases, no acidotic tendency or CN toxicity were seen and conditions were satisfactory for correction of the PDA.
Anesthesia, General ; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent* ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; Hypotension, Controlled ; Ligation ; Nitroprusside* ; Sodium*

The purpose of this study is to present the importance of work-related cerebrovascular and heart disease from the viewpoint of expenses. Using the insurance benefit paid for the 4,300 cases, this study estimated the burden of insurance benefits spent on work-related cerebrovascular and heart disease. The number of cases with work-related cerebrovascular and heart disease per 100,000 insured workers were 3.36 in 1995; they were increased to 13.16 in 2000. By the days of occurrence, the estimated number of cases were 1,336 in 2001 (95% CI: 1,211-1,460 cases) and 1,769 in 2005 (CI: 1,610-1,931 cases). The estimated average insurance benefits paid per person with work-related cerebrovascular and heart disease was 75-19 million won for medical care benefit and 56 million won for other benefits except medical care. By considering the increase in insurance payment and average pay, the predicted insurance benefits for work-related cerebrovascular and heart disease was 107.9 billion won for the 2001 cohort and 192.4 billion won for the 2005 cohort. From an economic perspective, the results will be used as important evidence for the prevention and management of work-related cerebrovascular and heart disease.
*Accidents ; *Accidents, Occupational ; Brain Diseases/epidemiology ; Cohort Studies ; Compensation and Redress ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Heart Diseases/epidemiology ; Human ; *Insurance Benefits ; Insurance Coverage ; Korea ; Linear Models ; Models, Statistical ; *Occupational Health ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Time Factors ; *Workers' Compensation