The paramount importance of breast feeding for the health of the infants has been recognized by untritionists and physicians. Although many advantages of the breast feedng, exclusive breast feeding without weaning diet or supplement food during prolonged perind in infants may produce iron deficiencyh anemia. This study was conducted to find out the hematologic state in exclusively prolonged breast-fed infants among these anemic patients and the way of thinking about their baby's feeding method in their mothers. Mothers of the anemic patients has been surveyed with questionare. The results and problems obtained from this study are summerized as follows. 1) Among 40 patients of this study, 27 were male (67.5%) and 13 were female (32.5%). Mean age was 12.6+/-2.7 month and 9 & 11 month of age were the most common, respectively (15.0%). 2) Mean age of mothers was 29.5 year. The 25 34 year-old group was most common. 3) Education levels of mothers were primary 10%, middle 10%, high 60%, and college graduate 20%. 4) In motivatins of breast feeding. Persuasion of husband or the parent of husband' 19(47.5%). 'Convenience for use' 12 (30.0%), and 'Through mass media or public information' 9 (22.5%). 5) In the causes of prolonged breast feeding, 'Think that satisfactory nutrition for baby is possible with breast milk alone' 4(10.0%), 'Due to persuasion of husband or the parents of husband' 11 (27.5%), 'Baby did no suck milk bottle or eat other diet except breast milk' 25 (62.5%). 6) In whether or not acknowledgment of the necessity of weaning diet, 'Know it but not consider so important 22 (55.0)%, 'Do not know at all) 15 (37.5%), and 'Breast milk, that will do' 3(7.5%). 7) Hb level in patient group, from 6 to 6.9g/dl was 2 (50.0%), from 7 to 7.9g/dl was 3 (7.5%), from 8 to 8.9%g/dl was 15 (37.5%), and from 9 to 10 g/dl was 20 (50.0%). From 9 to 10g/dl was the most common. Hematologic findings were Hb 8.8+/-0.9g/dl, Hct 28.8+/-3.0%, MCV 64.7+/-6.7 fl, MCH 20.0+/-2.5pg, MCHC 30.8+/-1.5g/dl. Platelet 452.5+/-142.9x103/mm3, Reticulocyte count 1.4+/-0.6%, Fe 28.6+/-14.1 g/dl, TIBC 446.7+/-66.2 g/dl, Ferritin 10.5+/-7.0ng/ml. Transferrin saturation 6.6+/-3.5%. 8) In association with duration of breast milk feeding and hematologic findings, as duration was prolonged, Hb, Hct, MCV & MCH were significantly decreased (p<0.01).
Adult ; Anemia* ; Blood Platelets ; Breast Feeding* ; Breast* ; Diet* ; Education ; Feeding Methods ; Female ; Ferritins ; Humans ; Infant ; Iron ; Male ; Mass Media ; Milk ; Milk, Human ; Mothers ; Parents ; Persuasive Communication ; Reticulocyte Count ; Spouses ; Thinking ; Transferrin ; Weaning*

PURPOSE: Prostate volume has been poorly correlated with various parameters used to assess benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), including symptom score, total prostate volume, peak flow rate and postvoid residual urine. The purpose of this study is to determine if measurement of the volume and the index of transition zone of the prostate correlated well with other clinical parameters in predicting the degree of obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 121 men with lower urinary tract symptoms were prospectively evaluated using international prostate symptom score, transrectal ultrasonography, and urodynamic investigation with pressure-flow studies for BPH. Bladder outlet obstruction was defined as the maximal detrusor pressure was greater than 40cmH2O at peak flow and peak flow rate was less than 10ml/sec. Patients were then divided into obstructive and non-obstructive groups. Correlations were evaluated among the total prostatic volume (TPV), transition zone volume (TZV), transition zone index (TZI=TZV/TPV) and other clinical and urodynamically obstructive parameters. RESULTS: Age, IPSS, peak flow rate and PVR were not significantly different between obstructive (n=69) and non-obstructive (n=52) groups. Among the transrectal sonographic parameters, TZV and TZI correlated better with urodynamically obstructive parameters such as detrusor pressure at peak flow rate (r=0.551, 0.544), Abrams Griffiths number (r=0.576, 0.506) and linear passive urethral resistance relation (r=0.560, 0.580) than with TPV. There were no correlations between clinical and volume parameters. All the volume parameters of the prostate were larger in obstructive than in non- obstructive group. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with BPH symptoms, TZV and TZI correlates better with urodynamically obstructive parameters than did the total prostate volume. TZV or TZI may serve as more useful method for evaluating obstruction.
Humans ; Hyperplasia* ; Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Prostate* ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; Ultrasonography ; Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction* ; Urinary Bladder* ; Urodynamics

No abstract available.
Plasmapheresis* ; Postpartum Period* ; Pregnancy*

No abstract available.
Biliary Tract* ; Cholelithiasis*

Brachial plexus block has been evaluated in 192 cases of surgery of the upper extremities performed during the past 13 years and 9 months. (from Jan. 1958 to Sept. 1971) We have assessed supraclavicular and axillary brachial plexus block using 1% to 2% procaine and lidocaine adding adrenaline case by case. The dosage given was 30 ml to 40 ml in each case There were 142 males and 50 females. In 26 blocks judged unsatisfactory for surgery, we have usually substituted inhalation anesthesia and .2 cases were supplimented with intravenous thiopental sodium, 2.5%, 3 ml to 5 ml intermittently and 4 cases with intravenous thiopental sodium and meperidine. There were 4 cases of complications of supraclavicular brachial plexus block including 2 cases of pneumothorax, one of Horners syndrome only and a cardiac arrest immediately after block. There were no complications in axillary approaches. Therefore in conclusion this brachial plexus block was a simple and useful technic in surgery and treatment of the upper extremities.
Anesthesia, Inhalation ; Brachial Plexus* ; Epinephrine ; Female ; Heart Arrest ; Horner Syndrome ; Humans ; Lidocaine ; Male ; Meperidine ; Pneumothorax ; Procaine ; Thiopental ; Upper Extremity

PURPOSE: Holmium: YAG laser (Ho: YAG laser) lithotripsy represents an additional option in the management of urinary tract calculi. We report here on the results for the success and complications of Ho: YAG laser lithotripsy on the management of ureteric calculi. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 132 patients (72 males and 60 females, mean age: 46 years (range: 26-75)) underwent 137 ureteroscopic procedures using a 6/7.5Fr semi-rigid ureterocope (Wolf, Germany). A Ho: YAG laser (Trimedyne Inc., Irvine, USA) was used for laser lithotripsy at a maximum energy of 1.0J/pulse at 10Hz. The calculi were located in the lower ureter in 93 cases, the middle ureter in 20 cases and the upper ureter in 24 cases. The patients were assessed with plain x-ray within 4 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS: The overall stone-free rate was 98%. Stratifying the results by location, the stone-free rate was 99% in the lower ureter, 95% in the middle ureter and 96% in the upper ureter. Fragmentation failed in three cases (2%). Ureteral stricture developed in one case postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Ho: YAG laser lithotripsy is a highly effective and safe treatment modality for managing ureteral calculi.
Calculi ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Female ; Holmium* ; Humans ; Lasers, Solid-State* ; Lithotripsy* ; Lithotripsy, Laser ; Male ; Ureter ; Ureteral Calculi ; Ureteroscopy ; Urinary Tract

PURPOSE: Holmium: YAG laser (Ho: YAG laser) lithotripsy represents an additional option in the management of urinary tract calculi. We report here on the results for the success and complications of Ho: YAG laser lithotripsy on the management of ureteric calculi. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 132 patients (72 males and 60 females, mean age: 46 years (range: 26-75)) underwent 137 ureteroscopic procedures using a 6/7.5Fr semi-rigid ureterocope (Wolf, Germany). A Ho: YAG laser (Trimedyne Inc., Irvine, USA) was used for laser lithotripsy at a maximum energy of 1.0J/pulse at 10Hz. The calculi were located in the lower ureter in 93 cases, the middle ureter in 20 cases and the upper ureter in 24 cases. The patients were assessed with plain x-ray within 4 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS: The overall stone-free rate was 98%. Stratifying the results by location, the stone-free rate was 99% in the lower ureter, 95% in the middle ureter and 96% in the upper ureter. Fragmentation failed in three cases (2%). Ureteral stricture developed in one case postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Ho: YAG laser lithotripsy is a highly effective and safe treatment modality for managing ureteral calculi.
Calculi ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Female ; Holmium* ; Humans ; Lasers, Solid-State* ; Lithotripsy* ; Lithotripsy, Laser ; Male ; Ureter ; Ureteral Calculi ; Ureteroscopy ; Urinary Tract

No abstract available.
Colon* ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage* ; Varicose Veins*

PURPOSE: Pseudomembranous trigonitis is a common cystoscopic finding in the female patients with voiding symptoms. We evaluated the changes in voiding symptoms of the patients after coagulating this lesion with Holmium:YAG laser. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six female patients with voiding symptoms including frequency, dysuria, lower abdominal pain who were refractory to the conservative treatment for more than 1 month were enrolled in this study. The mean age was 35(range: 26~43) years. The patients were treated with cystoscopic evaluation and Holmium:YAG laser with 365 and 500 micrometer probe fibers. Power setting was between 6 and 11 watts. Only the lesions at the trigone and bladder neck were coagulated. No indwelling urethral catheter was used postoperatively. We evaluated patient's symptoms with out-patient follow-up or telephone up to 16 months. RESULTS: The mean duration of symptoms were 3.8(range: 6 months~13 years) years, and the mean follow-up was 13.3(range: 8~16) months. In all cystoscopic evaluations, pseudomembranous trigonitis was seen. After treatment, 3 of the 6 patients showed symptomatic improvements within 3 months and retained the improved state up to the last follow-up period. However, in the other 3 patients, no change in symptoms or initial response with following recurrence was seen. In the 3 patients who showed good response, transient worsening period of 1~3 months preceded the improvement. Follow-up cystoscopy at 3 months showed complete regeneration of the trigone and bladder neck mucosa. CONCLUSION: In the patients of pseudomembranous trigonitis with voiding symptoms refractory to conservative therapy, laser coaulation of the trigonal lesion was not so satisfactory but may be one of therapeutic options. Further investigation is needed.
Abdominal Pain ; Cystoscopy ; Dysuria ; Female* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Laser Coagulation* ; Laser Therapy ; Mucous Membrane ; Neck ; Outpatients ; Recurrence ; Regeneration ; Telephone ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Catheters

PURPOSE: Prostate specific antigen(PSA) is present in a 10(6)-fold higher concentration in semen than in plasma, but serum PSA is elevated during inflammatory conditions such as chronic prostatitis. We evaluated the seminal PSA and its effect on sperm motility in inflammatory chronic nonbacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome(CPPS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-three patients with inflammatory CPPS(group P) and 11 normal controls(group NL) were enrolled in this study. The semen analysis was performed with a computerized analyzer, and seminal PSA was measured twice using a ELSA-PSA2 radioimmunometric kit(Cis Biointernational). We compared the result in groups P and NL. The subjects were then re-sorted into two groups according to the seminal PSA concentration, with 3.0 mg/ml as the cutoff value, and sperm motility was compared for the high- and low-PSA groups. Statistical significance was measured using the unpaired t-test. RESULTS: The average concentrations of seminal PSA in groups P and NL were 3.67 mg/ml and 1.79 mg/ml, respectively(p=0.048). Sperm motility was not different in the two groups. However, motility(straight-line velocity and average path velocity) was lower in the patients with high seminal PSA(p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory chronic non-bacterial prostatitis increases the seminal secretion of PSA, and high seminal PSA is correlated with decreased sperm motility.
Humans ; Pelvic Pain* ; Plasma ; Prostate ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; Prostatitis ; Semen ; Semen Analysis ; Sperm Motility* ; Spermatozoa*