The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of coping mechanisms on uncertainty and depression. The subjects were 71 cancer patients selected from Junbook National University Hospital, and the data collection period was from June 21 to October 19 of 2000. Uncertainty was measured by using Mishel's Uncertainty Scale, problem- focused coping, and emotional-focused coping. The data was collected by a questionnaire developed by Lee (1984), and then depression measured by using Beck's depression scale. Data was analyzed with SPSS/WIN 7.5 program by Pearson Correlation Coefficients, and Path analysis. The results were as follows : 1. The mean uncertainty score was 59.17, the mean problem-focused coping score was 48.78, the mean emotional-focused coping score was 42.52. 2. The mean depression score was 15.77. 3. Uncertainty in illness was significantly related to depression (p=0.003) and emotional-focused coping (p=0.028), but uncertainty was not associated with coping mechanisms. 4. When analyzed multiple regression between uncertainty, problem-focused coping, emotional- focused coping, and depression, more specifically emotional-focused coping showed a stronger association with depression than problem-focused coping. 5. Depression was highly correlated with economic status (p=0.015), educational background (p=0.005), duration of disease (p=0.045). 6. Problem-focused coping and emotional-focused coping appeared to function as moderators instead mediators on the relation between uncertainty and depression. In addition, as a whole, uncertainty showed a significant moderating effect on depression, while problem-focused coping did on depression. Finally, limitation of present findings were discussed and implications for future studies are suggested.
Surveys and Questionnaires ; Depression* ; Humans ; Uncertainty*

The glomus tumor is a distinct neoplasm composed of modified perivascular smooth-muscle cells identical to those described in the glomus body. Malignant glomus tumor, also referred to as glomangiosarcoma, is exceedingly rare. It has been subdivided into locally infiltrative glomus tumor, glomangiosarcoma arising in a benign glomus tumor, and glomangiosarcoma arising in de novo. A few cases of malignant glomus tumor arising in a benign glomus tumor have been reported. A 55-year-old man underwent resection of a solitary nodule in the right shoulder area. The tumor was biphasic with a typical benign glomus tumor at the periphery and the central sarcomatous area composed of oval to elongated pleomorphic cells with a single prominent nucleolus and occasional mitotic figures. Both tumor components showed intense staining for vimentin, smooth muscle actin, and muscle specific actin. Herein, we report a case of a malignant glomus tumor arising in a benign glomus tumor with an immunohistochemical study and a review of literatures.
Actins ; Glomus Tumor* ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Muscle, Smooth ; Shoulder ; Vimentin

Total cholesterol and triglyceride were measured in sera of 40 cases of hypertension, 22 cases of myocardial infarction, 14 cases of cerebral thrombosis, 18 cases of subarachnoidal hemorrhage and 30 cases of normal control in Chungnam national University Hospital from October 1980 to September 1981, and the results are as follows; 1) The mean serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in normal control group are 153.57+/-40.60mg% and 150.82+/-51.76mg%. 2) The age incidence of these diseases were highest in 6th decade. 3) Serum cholesterol levels of myocardial infarction, hypertension, cerebral thrombosis and subarachinoidal hemorrhage group were higher than that of normal control group. 4) Serum triglyceride levels of acute myocardial infarction and hypertension were significantly higher than that of normal control group, but there is only slightly increases in cerebral thrombosis and subarachinoidal hemorrhage. 5) In general, serum lipid levels are higher in cardiovascular diseases(hypertension and myocardial infarction) than cerebrovascular diseases(cerebral thrombosis and subarachnoidal hemorrhage). 6) Serum Cholesterol and triglyceride levels decreased by administration of pancreatic mucopolysacharide for 1 or 2 months. In conclusion, it seems that high serum cholesterol and triglyceride level may play and important risk factor in development of hypertension and myocardial infarction.
Cholesterol ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Hemorrhage ; Hypertension ; Incidence ; Intracranial Thrombosis ; Myocardial Infarction ; Risk Factors ; Thrombosis ; Triglycerides

Ovarian remnant syndrome is a rare condition which develops when functional ovarian tissue is left in situ after intended bilateral oophorectomy. It produces clinically significant syndrome, namely chronic pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea. Although the true incidence of this syndrome is unknown, an apprant increase in incidence has been reported. We have experienced a case of ovarian remnant syndrome showing chronic pelvic pain and palpable abdominal mass after difficult gynecologic operation. So, we report this case with a brief review of literatures.
Dysmenorrhea ; Female ; Incidence ; Ovariectomy ; Pelvic Pain

The structural complexity and heterogeneity of cerebral cortex have been obvious since the earliest days of light microscopy. In fact, if there is one word that captures many of the key attributes of cortical structures, it is diversity. Neurodevelopmental approach is the one of the effective ways to understand complicated structures of cerebral cortex. In this experiment, as a first step to clone the genes related with development of cerebral cortex, the developmentally differentially expressed genes were cloned from developing rat brain with ordered differential display PCR(ODD-PCR). Novel genes were screened from these cloned genes by sequencing and sequence analysis with blast search program. The developmental expression patterns of novel genes in the cerebral cortex were investigated with in situ hybridization histochemistry on the developing and adult rat brain sections. Among the forty one developmentally differentially expressed cDNA bands, amplified with InEGA primer and TEAC primer by ODD PCR, twenty novel genes were screened by sequencing and sequence analysis with blast search program. Through the investigation of developmental expression pattern with in situ hybridization histochemistry, specific expression of five novel genes in the developing rat cerebral cortex was identified. 20-E14-2 was highly expressed in the cerebral cortex during the period of neurogenesis. The expression of 20-E20-1, 20-E20-6b, and 20-P0-5 was relatively well matched with neuronal cell migration in the cerebral cortex. And the strong expression of 20-P0-8b was observed in the neuronal cells of cerebral cortex during the period of syanptogenesis. From these results, it may be suspected that the five novel genes play roles in the development of cerebral cortex.
Adult ; Animals ; Brain ; Cell Movement ; Cerebral Cortex* ; Clone Cells* ; Cloning, Organism* ; DNA, Complementary ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Microscopy ; Neurogenesis ; Neurons ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Population Characteristics ; Rats* ; Sequence Analysis

Nineteen astrocytic neoplasms, such as 9 cases of glioblastoma multiforme, 6 cases of anaplastic astrocytoma and 4 cases of low grade astrocytoma, were analysed in view of the relationship between histopathologic grade, nuclear pleomorphism, grade of mutant p53 gene expression and mean survival time after operation. The histopathologic classification by Ringertz and immunohistochemical stain for mutant p53 gene with the DO-7 anti-p53 oncoprotein mouse monoclonal antibody were applied, and the results obtained were as follows; 1) Among 19 cases, 18 cases were located in the supratentorium, where 13 cases(42%) were located in the left and 17 cases(55%) in the right. 2) The p53 gene expression was detected in 12(63.2%) of the cases, as revealed by positive nuclear staining. All cases of glioblastoma multiforme showed p53 gene expression, compared with two(33.3%) cases of anaplastic astrocytoma and one(25%) case of low grade astrocytoma. The frequency and degree of histopathologic grade(p=0.03). 3) The mean survival time after operation was 29.49+/-4.08 months in cases with p53-negative tumors and 12.93+/-3.14 months in cases with p53-positive tumors(p<0.05). 4) Both histopathological classification and p53 gene expression showed a significant influence on servival(p=0.02 and p=0.03, respectively). 5) The relative risk for survival time was the highest in p53 gene expression. In conclusion, p53 gene expression appears to be one of the recommendable prognosticators among astrocytic neoplasms.
Animals ; Astrocytoma ; Classification ; Genes, p53* ; Glioblastoma ; Mice ; Survival Rate

Heterotopic pregnancy is defined as simultaneous intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancy. The incidence of heterotopic pregnancy was about 1 to 30,000 pregnancies, but it has been increased. This increased incidence is explained by the rise in PID, pelvic surgery, IUD and assisted reproductive technologies-in vitro fertilization/gamate intrafallopian insemination/intrauterine insemination. Thus careful pelvic examination combined with serial beta-hCG determinations and transvaginal sonography to evaluate the adnexal region are necessary prerequisites for early diagnosis. We report a case of heterotopic pregnancy following in ovulation induction and intrauterine insemination with a brief review of literature.
Early Diagnosis ; Female ; Gynecological Examination ; Incidence ; Insemination* ; Ovulation Induction* ; Ovulation* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Ectopic ; Pregnancy, Heterotopic*

BACKGROUND: Aldosterone induces renal fibrosis and administration of spironolactone showed beneficial effect in various animal models of renal injury such as unilateral ureteral obstruction model and hypertensive renal injury models. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that inhibition of aldosterone may have additional beneficial effect independent of angiotensin blockade in diabetic nephropathy. METHODS: We investigated the effect of aldosterone blockade on renal function in animal model of type II diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic rats were treated with spironolactone (20 mg/kg/day), starting at 20 weeks of age. RESULTS: In diabetic rats, proteinuria was increased since 24 weeks, and presented five-fold increment at 52 weeks comparing to that at 24 weeks. Aldosterone blockade significantly reduced proteinuria without affecting blood glucose concentration and blood pressure. In the diabetic kidney, profibrogenic molecules such as CTGF and type I collagen expression was enhanced and spironolactone treatment decreased their expression. It is of interest that plasma aldosterone level showed a weak but significant relationship with blood glucose levels. CONCLUSION: Aldosterone blockade prevents fibrotic process in the kidney associated with decrement in profibrotic molecule such as CTGF and type I collagen. Furthermore, aldosterone blockade resulted in decrease in urinary protein excretion and glomerulosclerosis. These results suggest that aldosterone blockade may be a new therapeutic target for retarding the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
Aldosterone ; Angiotensins ; Animals ; Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure ; Collagen Type I ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; Fibrosis ; Kidney ; Models, Animal* ; Plasma ; Proteinuria ; Rats* ; Spironolactone* ; Ureteral Obstruction

In case of radiation treatment using small field high-energy photon beams, an accurate dosimetry is a challenging task because of dosimetrically unfavorable phenomena such as dramatic changes of the dose at the field boundaries, dis-equilibrium of the electrons, and non-uniformity between the detector and the phantom materials. In this study, the absorbed dose in the phantom was measured by using an ion chamber and a diode detector widely used in clinics. GAFCHROMIC(R) EBT films composed of water equivalent materials was also evaluated as a small field detector and compared with ionchamber and diode detectors. The output factors at 10 cm depth of a solid phantom located 100 cm from the 6 MV linear accelerator (Varian, 6 EX) source were measured for 6 field sizes (5x5 cm2, 2x2 cm2, 1.5x1.5 cm2, 1x1 cm2, 0.7x0.7 cm2 and 0.5x0.5 cm2). As a result, from 5x5 cm2 to 1.5x1.5 cm2 field sizes, absorbed doses from three detectors were accurately identified within 1%. Wheres, the ion chamber underestimated dose compared to other detectors in the field sizes less than 1x1 cm2. In order to correct the observed underestimation, a convolution method was employed to eliminate the volume averaging effect of an ion chamber. Finally, in 1x1 cm2 field the absorbed dose with a diode detector was about 3% higher than that with the EBT film while the dose with the ion chamber after volume correction was 1% lower. For 0.5x0.5 cm2 field, the dose with the diode detector was 1% larger than that with the EBT film while dose with volume corrected ionization chamber was 7% lower. In conclusion, the possiblity of GAFCHROMIC(R) EBT film as an small field dosimeter was tested and further investigation will be proceed using Monte Calro simulation.
Electrons ; Particle Accelerators ; Water

PURPOSE: To describe current cataract surgery practice patterns and changing trends among Korean ophthalmologists. METHODS: A survey of members of the Korean Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery was performed in July 2018. One hundred and two (12.7%) of 801 questionnaires were returned for analysis. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and compared with previous surveys. RESULTS: Most of the respondents (75%) had been in practice for 6 or more years and performed an average of 31 cataract surgeries per month. The preferred method for cataract surgery was phacoemulsification (95%); 5% used a femtosecond laser. The use of topical anesthesia markedly increased from 69% (2012) to 80% (2018). The use of optical biometry exceeded that of ultrasound A-scan biometry. A multifocal intraocular lens was used by 76% of the respondents compared with 44% of the respondents in 2012. Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were used by 70% of the respondents postoperatively. Most (59%) of these anti-inflammatory drugs were prescribed for 4 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: This survey provided a comprehensive update of the present cataract surgery practices in the Republic of Korea. The results emphasized the increasing use of premium intraocular lenses, optical biometry, and topical anesthesia.
Anesthesia ; Biometry ; Cataract ; Lenses, Intraocular ; Methods ; Phacoemulsification ; Refractive Surgical Procedures ; Republic of Korea ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Ultrasonography