In attempting to ellucidate the mechanism of action of CCl4 toxicity on the liver, the histobgical and histochemical studies were carried out, at the cellular or ultrastructural level, rats were given a single oral dose of 1.25 ml/kg of CCl4 one hour after cervical spinal cordotomy. Hepatic lesions induced by CCl4 administration such as the fatty change of hepatic cells and the sinusoidal congestion were abolished by cordotomy. The decreased activities of adenosine triphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in the hepatic cells and bile canaliculi of the poisoned animals were restored to a large extent by the operation. Cordotomy also prevented some liver cell changes as seen by the electron microscope in the CCl4-intoxicated rats. It is evident that the hepatotoxic effects of carbon tetrachloride can be inhibited or prevented by cervical cordotomy.
Acid Phosphatase/analysis ; Adenosinetriphosphatase/analysis ; Animal ; Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning* ; Cordotomy* ; Hepatitis, Toxic/prevention & control* ; Histocytochemistry ; Liver/drug effects* ; Liver/enzymology ; Liver/pathology ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains

The authors studied Witschi's theory of "corticomedullary inductors" with the; heterosexual grafts of the embryonal gonads of the rats in very close proximity or in remote distance each other for the effect of the inductor substance and the possibility of the substance acting as blood-borne agent when multiple embryonal testes and one or two ovaries were separately grafted in distant sites in the mammalian level. The heterosexual grafts of the embryonal gonads aging 16 days old were performed as the methods Macintyre (1956) used. Additionally the author grafted one or two embryonal ovaries of the same age in the subcapsular site and multiple embryonal testes of the same age in the similar site of the opposite kidney of the same host and allowed to develop at the sites for 3 weeks. The explants removed from the host, were fixed in Bouin's fluid, embedded in paraffin, sectioned serially at 6mu, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The embryonal transplanted ovary with testis in close contact, was inhibited and depressed to the one side probably due to the more rapid growth and differentiation of the testis as compared with the ovary and contained a tubular structure (seminiferous-like tubule) in which the degenerating oocytes were found. The author presumed the testicular effect upon the mutual ovary as the activity of the diffused inductor substance derived from the testis. In the group, which more than 15 embryonal testes (maximally 25 testes were grafted) were transplanted in the subcapsular site and one or two ovaries in the opposite site of the kidney of the same host, the ovarian grafts, which were at a distant site from the multiple testicular grafts, showed inhibited growth and differentiation by the similar appearance of the transplanted embryonal ovary with testis in mutual contact. By this observation the author considered the inhibited growth and differentiation of the effect of blood-borne inductor substance derived from the multiple testicular grafts of the opposite site of the host kidney.
Animals ; Castration ; Female ; Male ; Ovary/*embryology/*transplantation ; Rats ; Testis/*embryology/*transplantation

The authors studied histochemically the enzymatic sites of retinal cholinesterase activity in the albino rabbit during different early postnatal periods. The retinae of young rabbits weighing approximately 60gm. whose palpebrae were still fused and unable to function for sight, and of rabbits weighing approximately 300gm. which were able to see, were obtained immediately after killing the animals by the intravenous injection of air or by decapitation and fixed in formalin-sucrose ammonia fixative, as recommended by Pearson (1963), for about 24 hours and incubated in the substrate containing acetylthiocholine, iodide, as presented by Gerebtzoff (1953), at 37degrees C. for 2 to 3 hours. After the treatment of the retinae, as devised by Koelle and Friedenwald (1950), the retinae were sectioned at 5 micra and mounted both without counterstaining and after counterstaining with hematoxylin alone. In young rabbits weighing approximately 60gm., moderate cholinesterase activity was observed only in the ganglion cells of the retinae and slight enzymatic activity was faintly apparent in the layer of the optic nerve fibers. No enzymatic activity was recognized in the remaining layers of the retinae. In rabbits weighing approximately 300gm. the retinae showed different enzymatic distribution compared to the former. The cholinesterase activity was diversely distributed compared to the former and was localized in the inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, and the ganglion cells showing moderate to slight activity.

No abstract available.
Blood Vessels* ; Spleen*

The effects of morphine HCI on the rat mesenteric mast cells were studied with the electron microscopy. The materials were prepared for electron microscopy by osmium tetroxide fixation and embedding in Epon. The rat mesenteric mast cells showed no distinct morphological changes due to morphine HCl, but the mast cell granlues were changed in various ways. For instance, they formed dusters, showed granular lysis, and an appearance of electron transparency. Frequently, some granules appeared in the extracellular space and the boundary of the granules was not evident. From the results mentioned above, it was suggested that rat mesenteric mast cell granules were affected by morphine HCl in the shape, the granular matrix, and the granular boundaries.
Animal ; Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure ; Cytoplasm/ultrastructure ; Cytoplasmic Granules/drug effects ; Cytoplasmic Granules/ultrastructure ; Golgi Apparatus/ultrastructure ; Male ; Mast Cells/drug effects ; Mast Cells/ultrastructure* ; Mesentery/drug effects ; Mesentery/ultrastructure* ; Microscopy, Electron ; Mitochondria, Muscle/ultrastructure ; Morphine/pharmacology* ; Rats

Histological studies were carried out on the degranulation of mesenteric mast cells of white rats caused by injections of morphine and nalorphine hydrochloride intravenously and the following conclusions were obtained. 1. By the injection of morphine hydrochloride fairly significant degranulation of the mesenteric mast cell was observed. 2. In various experimental doses of morphine hydrochloride the cytological change of the degranulation was not proportional to the doses of it in cases given more than 12mg./kg. of body weight. 3. The degranulating effect of the mesenteric mast cell by the injection of morphine hydrochloride was significantly inhibited by an adrenalectomy.
Adrenalectomy ; Animal ; Male ; Mast Cells/drug effects* ; Mesentery/drug effects* ; Morphine/antagonists & inhibitors ; Morphine/pharmacology* ; Nalorphine/pharmacology ; Rats

Ever since Fujidani made his report in 1905, many workers have studied the chemical components of Panax Ginseng and their effects on depression of blood pressure. Ri1ey (1952) and other workers have demonstrated the degranulation of mast cells in experimental animaIs treated with some histamine liberators, and the existence of a histamine liberator in the water extract of ginseng has been demonstrated by pharmacological assay by Lee et aI (1960). This present study was intended observe the disruption and degranulation of mesenteric mast cells of rats administered the water extract of ginseng, which might contain the histamine liberator. Variab1e doses of the water extract were injected intraperitoneally, and the degranulation of mesenteric mast cells was histologically demonstrated by means of toluidin blue, Giemsa, May-Gr nwa1d and Wright's stains. Degranulation began in the experimental group given 4ml of the extract mixed with 16cc. of Tyrode solution; the severity of degranulation increased probably with the dose of the extract, and extreme degranulation took place in the groups injected with dose of 6 or 8ml of the extract.
Animals ; Blood Pressure ; Coloring Agents ; Depression ; Histamine ; Mast Cells* ; Panax* ; Rats* ; Water*

The effects of cortisone administration and whole body irradiation by X-ray upon mesenteric mast cells of intact and adrenalectomized albino rats were studied. In intact rats, the administration of cortisone (50mg./kg) and whole body irradiation by X-ray (800r) caused severe degranulation and disruption of mesenteric mast cells within 24 hours. However their degranulation and disrupting effects upon mesenteric mast cells were markedly inhibited after the removal of the adrenal gland. Although the adrenalectomy alone hardly caused these morphological changes of mesenteric mast cells of the albino rats. According to this experiment it is fairly clear that the effects of cortisone and whole body X-ray irradiation inducing degranulation and disruption of mesenteric mast cells of the albino rats, were not direct phenomena but they indirectly affected the mesenteric mast cells through some special mechanism mediated by the adrenal gland.

Water extract of dried ginseng, which is known as a histamine liberator and induces degranulation and disruption of mesenteric mast cells, is thought to contain many different chemical factors. The essential component, a saponin extract of dried ginseng, was obtained and administered to albino rats. Even minute amounts (l mg in 0.0l cc of normal saline solution) when locally injected into the mesentery of albino rats caused degranulation of mesenteric mast cells. Degranulation of mesenteric mast cells followed the intraperitoneal injection of a crude water extract, of an alcohol extract of dried ginseng, and a direct injection of both extracts into the connective tissue of mesentery. This degranulation is believed to be a saponin fraction of ginseng in the ginseng extracts.
Animals ; Mast Cells/*drug effects ; *Panax ; *Plants, Medicinal ; Rats ; Saponins/*pharmacology

Electron microscopy on the skin of young frogs, Rana temporaria, has been carried out with particular reference to cellular attachment sites. For the first time now several technical developments allow a more detailed visualization of the fine structure within the cellular attachment sites as well as making it possible to show the ultrastructural morphology of the junctional complexes, and to demonstrate that the desmosomes are regularly distributed around each skin cell, especially in the S. granulosum. The relations of these findings to those of previous investigations concerning the functional organization of the junctional complexes and to the findings in skin cancer from a cellular adhesion view point have been briefly discussed.
Animal ; Anura ; Cell Membrane ; Epithelial Cells* ; Microscopy, Electron ; Skin/cytology* ; Skin Neoplasms/etiology