No abstract available.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Humans ; Soil*

In the treatment of proximal tibial condyle fracture, it should be considered that it can often accompany injuries of the collateral ligament, both cruciate ligament, and the menisci of the knee. Moreover it is necessary to restore anatomical congruity of the articular surface accurately. We performed reduction of the depressed articular fragment under monitoring of arthroscopy and fixed with cannulated cancellous screws and accompanied by bone graft under the control of image intensifier in 2 cases of Type I(Pure cleavage) and 3 cases of type II(cleavage with depression) fractures. The results were very satisfactory. Arthroscopy assisted reduction and fixation are very useful method in the treatment of proximal tibial condyle fracture because of (1) the minimized operative morbidity, (2) the ability to evaluate and manage associated intraarticular pathology simultaneously, (3) the rapid rehabilitation, (4) the achievement of good reduction comparable to open reduction.
Arthroscopy ; Collateral Ligaments ; Knee ; Ligaments ; Methods ; Pathology ; Rehabilitation ; Transplants

A 62-year-old male with a smoking history of 30 pack-years presented with a 1-year history of a periumbilical pulsating mass. He had been treated for hypertension for 2 years. Physical examination revealed a huge pulsating mass in the periumbilical abdomen. Femoral and popliteal arterial pulses were palpable. Computed tomography showed arterial dissection in the proximal segment of the superior mesenteric artery, a huge aneurysm (52×50 mm) with mural thrombus and two smaller aneurysms (20×20 mm) in the right ileocolic and ileal branches, along with atherosclerotic changes. Interposition using the great saphenous vein was performed after aneurysmal isolation and ligation of jejunal branches in the sac. Distal flow was reestablished by end-to-end and end-to-side anastomoses of the right ileocolic and ileal branches, respectively. No complications were observed at 1-year follow-up.
Abdomen ; Aneurysm* ; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Ligation ; Male ; Mesenteric Artery, Superior* ; Middle Aged ; Physical Examination ; Saphenous Vein ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Thrombosis

We retrospectively reviewed magnetic resonance image findings of primary CNS lymphomas in six patients. All patients showed parenchymal masses (n=8), a solitary mass in 4 and multiple in the other two. One patients showed leptomeningeal lesion. Parenchymal masses were located in forntal lobe (n=4), cerebellum (n=2), basal ganglia (n=1), and parietal lobe (n=1), These masses showed hypointensity on T1-weighted images (WI). On T2 WI, the signal intensity of mass was isointense to the brain parenchyma in 5 and hyperintese in 3. After Gadlinium-DTPA injection, seven lesions were enhanced homogeneously, and the margin of the mass was smooth in 5 and irregular in 3. Peritumoral edema was moderate in 4, absent in 3, and severi in 1. These characteristics may be useful in the diagnosis of primary CNS lymphoma.
Basal Ganglia ; Brain ; Cerebellum ; Diagnosis ; Edema ; Humans ; Lymphoma* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Parietal Lobe ; Retrospective Studies

No abstract available.
Cerebral Palsy* ; Equinus Deformity* ; Heel* ; Muscle Spasticity*

This study was conducted to assess the risk of breast cancer by menstrual, reproductive, and lactational factors in Korean women. A total of 210 women living in Seoul aged 30 to 60 with a first diagnosis of breast cancer from 2 teaching hospitals in Seoul, and 249 control subjects, randomly selected from the female pensioners of Korean Medical Insurance Company living in Seoul were interviewed. There was a increasing risk with the decrease of age at menarche, and the adjusted odds ratio(OR) of early menarche(age 14 years or less compared with over 17 years) was 1.61(95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.95-2.74). The longer the interval between menarche and regular menstruation, the less risk of breast cancer(OR=0.31, 95% CI: 0.16-0.60). The effect of these menarche factors were more prominent among premenopausal women. The adjusted OR for the second category(25-29 years old) of the age at first pregnancy and the age at the first full term pregnancy, compared to the reference category( 24 years old), were 0.52(95% CI: 0.30-0.92) and 0.58(95% CI: 0.32-1.06), respectively. The late age at the last full term pregnancy had significant protective effect (OR=0.29, 95% CI: 0.10-0.88), and the age itself was important rather than the interval between the first and last full term pregnancy. Factors related to breast feeding(BF) had protective effect consistently. Among parous women, in referent to no BF, women with 1 year of BF had adjusted OR of 0.34(95% CI: 0.17-0.68), while those with 1-3 years of BF had 0.35(95% CI: 0.18-0.67), 3-5 years had 0.29(95% CI: 0.12-0.74), and more than 5 years had 0.06(95% CI: 0.02-0.17). Age at menarche with regular cycle have stronger effect on especially pre-menopausal breast cancer among Korean women. Recent increase in breast cancer incidence in Korea would be explained by delayed age at first pregnancy or delivery, earlier age at menarche and last delivery, and decrease in brest feeding.
Breast Feeding ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Case-Control Studies* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Hospitals, Teaching ; Humans ; Incidence ; Insurance ; Korea* ; Menarche ; Menstruation ; Pensions ; Pregnancy ; Seoul

PURPOSE: The excision of breast lesion with using ultrasound-guided Mammotome(R) is currently used for both the treatment and diagnosis of benign lesions. However sonographic evidence for tumor removal by Mammotome(R) excision does not confirm histological clearance of the resection margin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound-guided Mammotome(R) for the removal of fibroadenomas by performing histological examination of an additional margin biopsy. METHOD: From March 2003 to May 2005, percutaneous removals of fibroadenoma with using ultrasono-guided Mammotome(R) biopsy were performed for 167 fibroadenomas in 154 women. Margin biopsies were additionally done after complete excision was achieved via ultrasonography. Histological evaluation was performed for these specimens. The patients were scheduled for follow-up ultrasound examination at 6 months. RESULTS: The mean tumor diameter was 1.32+/-0.54 cm. 45 (26.9%) lesions of the 167 lesions showed histological remained fibroadenoma on margin biopsies. The risk factors for remnant lesions were the age of a patient and the size of a lesion. No further ultrasonographic evidence of tumors was noted for 96.9% of the lesions at 6 months CONCLUSION: Although the breast fibroadenoma is a common benign breast tumor, the treatment and follow-up for these lesions is still debatable. We suggest that excision of breast lesion using ultrasound-guided Mammotome(R) can be used as minimally invasive surgery for fibroadenoma. If a lesion is larger than 2cm in a young woman, the physician should be careful to achieve enough excision for a complete removal of tumor.
Biopsy ; Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Fibroadenoma* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Risk Factors ; Surgical Procedures, Minimally Invasive ; Ultrasonography

PURPOSE: The excision of breast lesion with using ultrasound-guided Mammotome(R) is currently used for both the treatment and diagnosis of benign lesions. However sonographic evidence for tumor removal by Mammotome(R) excision does not confirm histological clearance of the resection margin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound-guided Mammotome(R) for the removal of fibroadenomas by performing histological examination of an additional margin biopsy. METHOD: From March 2003 to May 2005, percutaneous removals of fibroadenoma with using ultrasono-guided Mammotome(R) biopsy were performed for 167 fibroadenomas in 154 women. Margin biopsies were additionally done after complete excision was achieved via ultrasonography. Histological evaluation was performed for these specimens. The patients were scheduled for follow-up ultrasound examination at 6 months. RESULTS: The mean tumor diameter was 1.32+/-0.54 cm. 45 (26.9%) lesions of the 167 lesions showed histological remained fibroadenoma on margin biopsies. The risk factors for remnant lesions were the age of a patient and the size of a lesion. No further ultrasonographic evidence of tumors was noted for 96.9% of the lesions at 6 months CONCLUSION: Although the breast fibroadenoma is a common benign breast tumor, the treatment and follow-up for these lesions is still debatable. We suggest that excision of breast lesion using ultrasound-guided Mammotome(R) can be used as minimally invasive surgery for fibroadenoma. If a lesion is larger than 2cm in a young woman, the physician should be careful to achieve enough excision for a complete removal of tumor.
Biopsy ; Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Fibroadenoma* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Risk Factors ; Surgical Procedures, Minimally Invasive ; Ultrasonography

Presented in this paper are the experimental results that measure rapid prototyping (RP) errors in 3D medical models. We identified various factors that can cause dimensional errors when producing RP models, specifically in maxillofacial areas. For the experiment, we used a human dry skull. A number of linear measurements based on landmarks were first obtained on the skull. This was followed by CT scanning, 3D model reconstruction, and RP model fabrication. The landmarks were measured again on both the reconstructed models and the physical RP models, and these were compared with those on dry skull. We focused on major sources of errors, such as CT scanning, conversion from CT data to STL models, and RP model fabrication. The results show that the overall error from skull to RP is 0.64+/-0.36mm(0.71+/-0.66%) in absolute value. This indicates that the RP technology can be acceptable in the real clinical applications. A clinical case that has applied RP models successfully for treatment planning and surgical rehearsal is presented. Although the use of RP models is rare in the medical area yet, we believe RP is promising in that it has a great potential in developing new tools which can aid diagnosis, treatment planning, surgical rehearsal, education, and so on.
Diagnosis ; Education ; Humans ; Skull ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of respiration on the size of lung cysts by comparing inspiratory and expiratory high-resolution CT (HRCT) scans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors evaluated the size of cystic lesions, as seen on paired inspiratory and expiratory HRCT scans, in 54 patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (n = 3), pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis (n = 4),confluent centrilobular emphysema (n = 9), paraseptal emphysema and bullae (n= 16), cystic bronchiectasis (n = 13), and honeycombing (n = 9). Using paired inspiratory and expiratory HRCT scans obtained at the corresponding anatomic level, a total of 270 cystic lesions were selected simultaneously on the basis of five lesions per lung disease. Changes in lung cyst size observed during respiration were assessed by two radiologists. In a limited number of cases (n = 11), pathologic specimens were obtained by open lung biopsy or lobectomy. RESULTS: All cystic lesions in patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis, lymphangiomyomatosis, cystic bronchiectasis, honeycombing, and confluent centrilobular emphysema became smaller on expiration, but in two cases of paraseptal emphysema and bullae there was no change. CONCLUSION: In cases in which expiratory CT scans indicate that cysts have become smaller, cystic lesions may communicate with the airways. To determine whether, for cysts and cystic lesions, this connection does in fact exist, paired inspiratory and expiratory HRCT scans are necessary.
Comparative Study ; Cysts/*radiography ; Female ; Human ; Lung Diseases/*radiography ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial/radiography ; Male ; Middle Age ; Pulmonary Emphysema/radiography ; Respiration ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/*methods