No abstract available.
Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid*

No abstract available.
Breast Diseases* ; Breast*

In the treatment of proximal tibial condyle fracture, it should be considered that it can often accompany injuries of the collateral ligament, both cruciate ligament, and the menisci of the knee. Moreover it is necessary to restore anatomical congruity of the articular surface accurately. We performed reduction of the depressed articular fragment under monitoring of arthroscopy and fixed with cannulated cancellous screws and accompanied by bone graft under the control of image intensifier in 2 cases of Type I(Pure cleavage) and 3 cases of type II(cleavage with depression) fractures. The results were very satisfactory. Arthroscopy assisted reduction and fixation are very useful method in the treatment of proximal tibial condyle fracture because of (1) the minimized operative morbidity, (2) the ability to evaluate and manage associated intraarticular pathology simultaneously, (3) the rapid rehabilitation, (4) the achievement of good reduction comparable to open reduction.
Arthroscopy ; Collateral Ligaments ; Knee ; Ligaments ; Methods ; Pathology ; Rehabilitation ; Transplants

Owing to the advancement of imaging techniques which include the CT scan, it became easier to evaluate fracture patterns of calcaneal fractures accurately. Moreover, it is possible to obtain good results with operative treatment as a consequence of the development of good operative equipment and new operative technique. In 1988, Regazzoni and Benirschke in 1990, recommended L-shaped extensive lateral approach for calcaneus which provide extensive exposure of calcaneus and so allow easier reduction and fixation. We carried out L-shaped extensive lateral approach in 11 cases from June, 1993 to April, 1994. This approach did not produce any skin problems and allowed excellent anatomical reduction and fixation. But we experienced some severe causalgia on the heel region in several cases. We tried to analyse the cause of pain and concluded that it was the damage to the lateral calcaneal branch of the sural nerve. We are reporting the problems of tbis approach.
Calcaneus ; Causalgia ; Heel ; Skin ; Sural Nerve ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Ipsilateral fractures of the femoral neck and shaft represent many difficulties in diagnosis and treatment. The femoral neck fracture of this injury is commonly missed on initial evaluation. The overlooked femoral neck fracture may lead to higher risk of complications such as avascular necrosis of the femoral head, nonunion and coax vara. The authors reviewed nine cases of ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fracture treated in our clinic from September 1989 to May 1995, and average follow-up period was 33 months(range, 12 to 101 months). The results obtained were as follows : 1. The most common cause of injury was traffic accident, and three femoral neck fractures were missed initially. 2. The most common site of femoral neck fractures was basicervical in 7 cases, and that of shaft fracture was middle 1/3 shaft in 5 cases. 3. The most common associated injury was ipsilateral knee injury(6 cases). 4. Five cases were treated with femoral reconstruction nail, two with multiple neck-pinning and retrograde interlocking IM nail, one with multiple screws for neck fracture and long dynamic compression plate for shaft fracture, and the other, multiple neck-pinning and antegrade interlocking IM nail. 5. The complications were a refracture of the shaft after removal of interlocking nail and a delayed union of shaft fracture which had been treated by reconstruction nailing. Coxa vara, delayed union and metal loosening were found in femoral neck fracture site, but all that were clinically acceptable. In conclusion, the fracture of femoral neck should be kept in mind not to be lost in case of high velocity-femoral shaft fracture, and if found, it should be treated with anatomical and rigid internal fixation in femoral neck fracture having first priority. Recently reconstruction nail for the treatment of these fractures was widely used, but that is technically difficult and might destroy the neck fracture during shaft fracture fixation. We recommend retrograde interlocking nail followed by multiple neckpinning might be safe and stable fixation for the ipsilateral neck and shaft fracture.
Accidents, Traffic ; Coxa Vara ; Diagnosis ; Femoral Neck Fractures ; Femur Neck ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fracture Fixation ; Head ; Knee ; Neck ; Necrosis

Three-dimensional (3D) printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), has been used frequently in regenerative or translational medicine. In addition, recent advances in 3D printing technologies have opened the door to 3D bio-printing, which uses cells, biocompatible materials, and scaffolding simultaneously to generate 3D functional tissues. Although tissue generation by bio-printing such as multilayered skin, bone, bladder, and vascular grafts has shown good results, there are still several challenges related to printing of entire organs, particularly modulation of vascular formation during organ regeneration. This article provides a background and introduction to bio-printing for creation of artificial organs and tissues.
Artificial Organs ; Biocompatible Materials ; Bioprinting ; Regeneration* ; Skin ; Tissue Engineering ; Tissue Scaffolds ; Translational Medical Research ; Transplants ; Urinary Bladder

No abstract available.
Angiotensin II* ; Angiotensins* ; Animals ; Hemorrhage* ; Rats*

This study was conducted to assess the risk of breast cancer by menstrual, reproductive, and lactational factors in Korean women. A total of 210 women living in Seoul aged 30 to 60 with a first diagnosis of breast cancer from 2 teaching hospitals in Seoul, and 249 control subjects, randomly selected from the female pensioners of Korean Medical Insurance Company living in Seoul were interviewed. There was a increasing risk with the decrease of age at menarche, and the adjusted odds ratio(OR) of early menarche(age 14 years or less compared with over 17 years) was 1.61(95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.95-2.74). The longer the interval between menarche and regular menstruation, the less risk of breast cancer(OR=0.31, 95% CI: 0.16-0.60). The effect of these menarche factors were more prominent among premenopausal women. The adjusted OR for the second category(25-29 years old) of the age at first pregnancy and the age at the first full term pregnancy, compared to the reference category( 24 years old), were 0.52(95% CI: 0.30-0.92) and 0.58(95% CI: 0.32-1.06), respectively. The late age at the last full term pregnancy had significant protective effect (OR=0.29, 95% CI: 0.10-0.88), and the age itself was important rather than the interval between the first and last full term pregnancy. Factors related to breast feeding(BF) had protective effect consistently. Among parous women, in referent to no BF, women with 1 year of BF had adjusted OR of 0.34(95% CI: 0.17-0.68), while those with 1-3 years of BF had 0.35(95% CI: 0.18-0.67), 3-5 years had 0.29(95% CI: 0.12-0.74), and more than 5 years had 0.06(95% CI: 0.02-0.17). Age at menarche with regular cycle have stronger effect on especially pre-menopausal breast cancer among Korean women. Recent increase in breast cancer incidence in Korea would be explained by delayed age at first pregnancy or delivery, earlier age at menarche and last delivery, and decrease in brest feeding.
Breast Feeding ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Case-Control Studies* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Hospitals, Teaching ; Humans ; Incidence ; Insurance ; Korea* ; Menarche ; Menstruation ; Pensions ; Pregnancy ; Seoul

This etiology of Freiberg's disease, an idiopathic avascular necrosis of the second metatarsal head, has not been clarified. In 1979, Gauthier and Elbaz treated 53 cases of the advanced Freiberg's disease by a new technique, that is, dorsal closing wedge osteotomy, and their result was successful. Recently, in 1989, Zollinger identified that the load per surface area is concentrated at the dorsal rather than plantar surface of the second metatarsal head during walking by an experimental dynamic study, and this theory explained why the lesion of the disease is confined to the dorsal surface of the second metatarsal head, and provided a basic concept on the dorsal closing wedge osteotomy. The authors reviewed 5 cases of Freiberg's disease treated by dorsal closing wedge osteotomy from September 1989 to February 1994, and the average follow-up period was 2 years and 5 months(range, 12 to 50 months). The results were as follows; 1. All were female, and the average age at the time of operation was 29.4 years(range, 22 to 43 years). 2. All were pain-free at the last follow-up. 3. The range of motion(ROM) of the metatarsophalangeal joint was increased postoperatively; average ROM: preoperative, 33°/ postoperative 77°; mean gain of ROM, 44° So, dorsal closing wedge osteotomy is a recommendable procedure for the treatment of advanced Freiberg's disease.
Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Head ; Humans ; Metatarsal Bones ; Metatarsophalangeal Joint ; Necrosis ; Osteotomy ; Walking

The aim of the present study was to develop an animal model for evaluation of temporomandibular (TMJ) nociception under TMJ inflammation. We also investigated the participation of IL-1β in inflammation-induced TMJ nociception. Experiments were carried out using male Sprague-Dawley rats. Intra-articular injection of 3% formalin was administered to evaluate hyperalgesia 3 days after CFA injection. Intra-articular injection of 3% formalin did not produce nociceptive behavior in normal rats. Although intra-articular injection of 3 doses of CFA produced TMJ inflammation, only 1:3 diluted CFA produced hyperalgesia when formalin was injected intra-articularly 3 days after CFA injection. Co-administration of IL-1 receptor inhibitor with formalin into the TMJ cavity 3 days after CFA injection was performed. Co-administration of IL-1 receptor inhibitor significantly inhibited formalin-induced hyperalgesia in rats with CFA-induced TMJ inflammation. These results suggested that intra-articular injection of formalin produced hyperalgesia under chronic TMJ inflammation. Moreover, IL-1β plays an important role in TMJ hyperalgesia under chronic inflammation and blockade of IL-1β is a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory TMJ pain.
Animals ; Formaldehyde ; Humans ; Hyperalgesia ; Inflammation* ; Injections, Intra-Articular ; Interleukin-1 ; Male ; Models, Animal ; Nociception* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Temporomandibular Joint