This paper discussed the differences in teaching arrangement,material construction,teaching pattern, and teaching methods been used in medical microbiology teaching between China and the United State.

Abdomen ; physiopathology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Compartment Syndromes ; diagnosis ; mortality ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Retrospective Studies

Objective: To investigate the clinical effects of early enteral nutrition in severe brain injury patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Methods: 56 patients requiring mechanical ventilation were randomly divided into two groups:A(n=28),EEN group peptisorb,1 000 ml a day;B(n=28),control group,PN.The changes of serum total protein,blood albumin,immune globulin,lymphocyte count,nitrogen balance,oxgenation index(PaO2/FiO2),ventilation parameter and blood routine were measured.APACHE Ⅱ,incidence of ventilator-associated pneumoniasurvival rate for 28 days and days in hospital were observed.Results: Incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia,28 d-survival rate and mean hospitalization day were significantly different(P

Capillary Electrochromatography ; Chromatography, Gas ; methods ; Hexanones ; urine ; Humans ; Occupational Exposure

Objective To evaluate the usefulness of diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI) in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of gallbladder wall thickening diseases.Methods 42 patients with gallbladder wall thickening (16 patients with carcinoma and 26 patients with benign lesion) were included in this study.All patients performed conventional MRI and DWI.The diagnostic performances of three methods (conventional MRI,visual assessment of color fusion image from DWI and T2WI,and ADC measurement) were evaluated by two radiologists.Results The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.570,0.849,0.901 for conventional MRI,visual assessment and ADC measurement respectively.The accuracy,sensitivity and specificity were 59.5%,62.5%,57.7% for conventional MRI,85.7%,81.2%,88.5% for visual assessment of color fusion image,and 83.3%,80.0%,85.2% for ADC measurement,respectivily.The mean ADC value of gallbladder cacinoma[(1.15±0.35)×10-3mm2/s]was significantly less than that of gallbladder benign lesion [(1.99±0.61)×10-3mm2/s](P<0.01).Conclusion The DWI(visual assessment of color fusion image and ADC measurement)might be a useful tool for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the gallbladder wall thickening diseases.

Objective To determine the changes in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediabetes in residents aged over 20 years in Shandong coastal areas during years 2004-2014. Methods A random stratified cluster sampling was conducted, and 3 944 inhabitants were investigated in Qingdao, Yantai, Weihai, and Rizhao regions. Results (1)The standardized rate of diabetes mellitus prevalence was 10.36% in 2014, increased by 2.38% as compared with 2004 and 0.85% as compared with 2009 (P<0.05). There were 341 newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus patients, accounting for 57.4% of the diabetes mellitus patients, increased by 6.09% as compared with 2004 and decreased by 4.11% as compared with 2009 (P<0.05). The standardized rate of prediabetes was 12.47% in 2014, increased by 2.63% as compared with 2004 and 0.61% as compared with 2009 (P<0.05). (2) The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation in individuals aged under 50 years in 2014 was significantly higher than that in 2004, but lower than that in 2009 (P<0.05). (3) Compared with 2004 and 2009, the levels of diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in subjects with prediabetes and diabetes mellitus increased significantly in 2014 (all P<0.05). The levels of serum uric acid in subjects with prediabetes and diabetes mellitus decreased significantly in 2014 (P<0.05). (4) The logistic regression analysis showed that the age, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, triglyceride, LDL-C, systolic blood pressure, and diabetic family history were the risk factors for abnormal glucose regulation, while total cholesterol was the protective factor. Conclusions The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and prediabetes increased during 10 years (2004-2014), but the growth rate dropped precipitously during last five years as compared with the first five years. The age of diabetes mellitus onset is getting older in residents of Shandong coastal area, especially in females. Aging, overweight, hypertension, lipid disorders, and diabetic family history were the risk factors of diabetes mellitus.

AIM: To study the effects of urocortin(Ucn) on the isolated heart tissues of spontaneously hypertensive rat(SHR).METHODS: Effects of Ucn on contractile force and heart rate were observed in the SHR and Wistar rat right atrium,left atrium and right ventricle strip.RESULTS: Ucn(1-10 nmol/L) concentration-dependently increased the contractile force in the SHR and Wistar rat isolated right atrium.Ucn increased the contractile force in the SHR by(31.1?14.9)% at 3 nmol/L and by(65.7?22.4)% at 10 nmol/L,and its inotropic effect was significantly greater than that in Wistar rat(P

Objective To compare the effectiveness and safety of different concentrations of elastin-like polypeptides (ELP) as novel submucosal injection material for endoscopic submucosal dissection.Methods Forty healthy New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two groups (n=20).The first group by submucosal injection of different drugs were randomly divide into five groups (n=4).Four concentrations of 50 ku ELP (0.05,0.025,0.012 5,0.005 g/ml) were used separately in each group,while glycerin fructose was used for control group.Each solution (2 ml) was injected into the submucosa through the resected margin,the increase of mucosal thickness and surface changes were observed and recorded at 0,5,10,and 30 min.The subgroup by submucosal injection of different drugs were randomly divide into five groups (n=4).The injection pressure of each solution (2 ml) with the 25-gauge needle was calculated by a manometer,which was connected between the needle and syringe.Results The submucosal uplift heights in groups using the 0.05 g/ml ELP and 0.025 g/ml ELP injection were significantly thicker than that of glycerin fructose (P＜0.05),the 0.012 5 g/ml ELP and glycerin fructose injection showed no significant difference (P＞0.05),whereas the uplift height in glycerin fructose group was thicker than that of the 0.005 g/ml ELP (P＜0.05).The injection pressure correlated with the ELP concentration.The injection pressures of 0.05,0.025,0.012 5,0.005 g/ml ELP solutions were (332±36) kPa,(223±24) kPa,(174±22) kPa and (142±19) kPa,respectively,and that of glycerin fructose was (269±17) kPa.The 0.025 g/ml ELP solution was easily injected into the porcine stomach to create submucosal uplift.The injection pressure of the 0.025 g/ml ELP solution showed significantly lower value compared with that of glycerin fructose (P＜0.05).Conclusions ELP might be a promising agent for submucosal injection for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD),and 0.025 g/ml ELP might be efficient concentration for maintaining mucosal elevation,injection pressure and safety.

OBJECTIVEThis study aimed to evaluate the morphometric changes in the alveolar bone of the maxillary and mandibular anterior regions after retraction in adolescents.

METHODSThe sample size comprised 30 adolescent patients with class 1 bimaxillary protrusion (12 males and 18 females, age: 12-18 years old) and were treated by extracting four first pre-molars. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was performed 1 month before and 1 month after the retraction. For each maxillary and mandibular anterior tooth, the labial and palatal alveolar plates at cervical 1/3, middle 1/3, and apical 1/3 levels for bone thickness changes during the retraction of the maxillary and mandibular anterior regions were checked. The movements of cervical 1/3, middle 1/3, and apical 1/3 levels of the maxillary central incisor were measured. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 16.0.

RESULTSFor the adolescents, alveolar bone thickness increased on the labial side and decreased on the palatal side. The alveolar bone thicknesses of cervical 1/3 and middle 1/3 of maxillary central incisor, cervical 1/3 and apical 1/3 of maxillary lateral incisor, middle 1/3 of mandibular central incisor, apical 1/3 of mandibular lateral incisor, and middle 1/3 and apical 1/3 of mandibular canine all increased after retraction. By contrast, the alveolar bone thickness of the apical 1/3 of maxillary canine and the cervical 1/3 of mandibular canine decreased after retraction. No statistically significant difference was observed in other region.

CONCLUSIONDuring retraction, a controlled tipping movement occur in adolescents. After retraction, the alveolar bone thickness of the labial side increase, whereas that of the palatal side decrease. Moreover, the thicknesses of major areas in the alveolar bone significantly increase.

Adolescent ; Child ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Cuspid ; Female ; Humans ; Incisor ; Male ; Maxilla ; Molar ; Palate ; Tooth Movement Techniques

Acute Disease ; Adolescent ; Female ; Heart Neoplasms ; complications ; Humans ; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular ; etiology ; Myocardial Infarction ; etiology ; Myxoma ; complications