This paper discussed the differences in teaching arrangement,material construction,teaching pattern, and teaching methods been used in medical microbiology teaching between China and the United State.

PBL is a modern model of classroom teaching. We have introduced it into the teaching of Microbiology. As a result, the students’ learning abilities have been raised to a higher level, and their learning autonomy and achievement have been improved. The combination of PBL method with traditional teaching methods achieved a good effect.

Background and purpose:Recently, a large number of researches have shown that cruciferous plants have the chemopreventive effect on tumor. Mechanisms of antitumorigenesis were investigated on antioxidation, antimutation, immunity and inducing apoptosis, and so on. Mustard seeds (MS) are the seeds belong to the cruciferous plants. This study aimed to investigate antioxidation and immune deviation of MS on colorectal tumor in rats induced by 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Methods:A total of 48 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups:DMH alone, DMH+5%MS, DMH+7.5%MS, and the untreated control group(Saline). Colorectal tumorigenesis was induced by intraperitoneal injecting 30 mg/kg DMH once a week for 20 weeks. At the end of 32 weeks, the rats were sacrificed, then colorectal tumor incidence was observed and histological type was determined by HE staining. A colorimetric assay was used to detect levels of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the serum of all rats. The levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines were detected with Luminex200. Results: No tumorous lesion was found in the untreated control group. However, the total tumor incidence in DMH+5%MS group and DMH+7.5%MS group was signiifcantly decreased 33.3%and 58.3%respectively, compared with the DMH group’s (100%, P<0.05). As DMH induced colorectal tumorigenesis, MDA and Th2 cytokines in the serum were signiifcantly higher in the DMH group than those in the untreated control group (P<0.05), but the activities of antioxidant enzymes were signiifcantly lower (P<0.05). While the MS treatment, compared with the DMH group, signiifcantly suppressed the MDA level but enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes and levels of Th1 cytokines (P<0.05). Conclusion: MS significantly decrease prevalence rates of DMH-induced colorectal tumor in rats. The mechanism may be related with the antioxidation and immune balance deviation.

Cardiovascular diseases, like coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction, are the most common cause of death worldwide. Chinese medicines have demonstrated rich cardioprotective activities for clinical applications. Salvia miltiorrhiza, a very important component of traditional Chinese medicine, can promote blood circulation and relieve blood stasis. Salvia miltiorrhiza is widely used in treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease such as coronary heart disease and cerebral infarction ( CI). Tanshinone II(A), the major lipophilic components extracted from the root of S. miltiorrhiza, possesses anti-atherosclerosis, anti-cardiac hypertrophy, anti-oxidant, anti-arrhythmia and so on. This paper discusses current research status of tanshinone II(A) in cardioprotective effects.
Animals ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; drug therapy ; genetics ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Coronary Vessels ; drug effects ; physiopathology ; Diterpenes, Abietane ; therapeutic use ; Humans

Animal Feed ; Animals ; Ascorbic Acid ; pharmacology ; Cadmium ; analysis ; DNA ; analysis ; Hepatocytes ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Selenium ; analysis

Objective To analyze influencing factors of physicians' turnover intention at public county hospitals from career stage perspective.Methods Physicians career life was divided into three stages according to professional ranks and titles.The sample was drawn using stratified multistage random methods from public county hospitals in Shandong province and 677 questionnaires were completed,giving a 90.3％ valid response rate.Data were analyzed using multi-group stepwise linear regression.Results The percentage of responders with middle and high-level turnover intention was 23.0％and 6.5％ respectively,and there was no statistically significant difference in turnover intention across three stage subgroups.In physicians at stage 1,the most important factors to predict turnover intention were superiors ' appreciation (r =-0.22,P ＜ 0.05) and payment rationality (r =-0.21,P＜0.05),while in physicians at stage 2,the most important predicting factors were autonomy (r=-0.39,P＜0.05)and learning demand(r=-0.22,P＜0.05),and in physicians at stage 3 were career development(r=-0.31,P＜0.05)and autonomy(r=-0.21,P＜0.05).Conclusion Autonomy and workload are common factors of turnover intention with different predicting power across three career stages.Physicians adjust their career needs to self-actualization with development of career stage,so welltargeted incentives should be taken to stabilize the medical staff of public county hospitals.

In the reform of medical microbiology education on medical students of 8-year-education pro-gram, we compared the traditional teaching methods with Problem Based Learning (PBL) method. Through our practice, we have found that the combination of traditional lecture-based learning and PBL seems to better match the students’ way of learning. The lack of basic knowledge of the students hindered their learn-ing effect during the bilateral discussion in the PBL education. We also found that the application of PBL in medical microbiology education is an iterative process and should be promoted step by step. The theoretical level and the innovative ideas of the teachers play a crucial role in the dynamic process of education reform.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the influence of different hemoperfusion (HP) intensity on 7-day and 28-day mortality for patients with paraquat (PQ) poisoning, and examine the factors that may affect the decision of the clinicians to prescribe a high intensity HP.Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted. The patients admitted to the department of critical care medicine of Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University with the diagnosis of PQ poisoning from August 2012 to August 2014, fulfilling the following criteria were enrolled in the study: older than 18 years, interval from ingestion PQ to hospital admission shorter than 12 hours, and receiving HP treatment within 24 hours, and expecting surviving time exceeding 24 hours after admission, and data of the patients available for at least 28 days after admission. Depending on the intensity of HP, patients were assigned to either lower intensity HP group (LHP, defined as receiving HP for less than 4 hours, 2 columns) or higher intensity HP group (HHP, defined as receiving HP longer than 6 hours, 3 columns). Patients' data were retrieved from hospital's electronic database after hospital admission, and the results at 7th day and 28th day were recorded. Multiple logistic regression model was used to determine factors with which the clinician decided to choose the intensity of HP for the patients, and Cox regression model was used to evaluate 7-day and 28-day mortality.Results Data of 60 patients was finally available for this study. LHP group consisted of 28 patients, with a 7-day mortality of 53.6%(15 patients) and 28-day mortality of 64.3% (28 patients); 32 patients were assigned to HHP group with 7-day mortality of 43.8% (14 patients) and 28-day mortality of 62.5% (20 patients). Twenty-eight patients constituted as the HHP group, with higher PQ concentration in plasma, higher incidence of respiratory alkalosis and acute kidney injury (AKI), and higher level of lactate (Lac) compared with LHP group. However, a lower 7-day mortality was observed in the HHP group. Multiple logistic regression model indicated that at admission, interval from ingestion PQ to hospital admission longer than 4 hours [odds ratio (OR) = 1.461, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 1.132-1.435,P< 0.001], younger than 50 years old (40-49 years old:OR = 1.397, 95%CI = 1.251-1.703,P = 0.002;< 40 years old:OR = 1.701, 95%CI = 1.253-1.836,P< 0.001), PQ plasma concentration≥ 2 mg/L (OR = 3.140, 95%CI = 1.511-3.091,P< 0.001), white blood cell (WBC)> 10×109/L (OR = 1.222, 95%CI = 1.032-1.275, P = 0.018), Lac> 2.0 mmol/L (OR = 2.392, 95%CI = 2.090-2.734,P< 0.001), AKI on admission (stage 2:OR = 2.350, 95%CI = 2.160-3.910,P< 0.001; stage 3:OR = 2.821, 95%CI = 1.932-3.651,P< 0.001), accompanying hypoxia (OR = 2.420, 95%CI = 2.131-2.662,P = 0.003) were more likely to receive higher intensity of HP. Furthermore when compared with patients survived for 28 days, patients who were older, with higher levels of PQ concentration at admission or after 4 hours of HP, accompanied by AKI, increased serum creatinine (SCr), WBC, Lac, and acute physiology and chronic health evaluationⅡ (APACHEⅡ) score, lower arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and lower pH value were more likely to die. After adjusted for con-variables in COX regression model, HHP was associated with lower 7-day mortality after admission [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.843, 95%CI = 0.732-0.971, P = 0.032], but devoid of lowering effect on 28-day mortality rate (HR = 0.930, 95%CI = 0.632-1.411,P = 0.423). In addition, age> 50 years old (HR = 1.282, 95%CI = 1.050-1.530,P = 0.043), PQ concentration increased by 1 mg/L (HR = 2.521, 95%CI = 2.371-3.825,P = 0.012), AKI on admission (HR = 3.850, 95%CI = 2.071-5.391,P< 0.001), WBC>10×109/L (HR = 1.932, 95%CI = 1.782-2.171,P = 0.006), Lac> 2.0 mmol/L (HR = 2.981, 95%CI =2.210-3.792,P = 0.002), and PaCO2< 35 mmHg (HR = 1.772, 95%CI = 1.483-2.516,P = 0.008; 1 mmHg =0.133 kPa) were independent risk factors for 28-day mortality.Conclusions Though HHP was helpful in lowering mortality rate in patients with PQ poisoning within 7 days, it did not influence on 28-day mortality. Clinicians' decisions on HP intensity need further investigation, and more perfect clinical evaluation system is required for reasonable use of expensive medical resources such as HP.

Objective To evaluate the usefulness of diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI) in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of gallbladder wall thickening diseases.Methods 42 patients with gallbladder wall thickening (16 patients with carcinoma and 26 patients with benign lesion) were included in this study.All patients performed conventional MRI and DWI.The diagnostic performances of three methods (conventional MRI,visual assessment of color fusion image from DWI and T2WI,and ADC measurement) were evaluated by two radiologists.Results The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.570,0.849,0.901 for conventional MRI,visual assessment and ADC measurement respectively.The accuracy,sensitivity and specificity were 59.5%,62.5%,57.7% for conventional MRI,85.7%,81.2%,88.5% for visual assessment of color fusion image,and 83.3%,80.0%,85.2% for ADC measurement,respectivily.The mean ADC value of gallbladder cacinoma[(1.15±0.35)×10-3mm2/s]was significantly less than that of gallbladder benign lesion [(1.99±0.61)×10-3mm2/s](P<0.01).Conclusion The DWI(visual assessment of color fusion image and ADC measurement)might be a useful tool for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the gallbladder wall thickening diseases.