Self sensing symptoms were surveyed by interview from the workers usig lacquer-thinner(Male 35, Female 28). And the data was converted to point. Independent variables were state of the medication, education, alcohol difinking, smoking, living and past occupational history. Dependent variable was the point. The relationship between independent variables and the depenent variable was studied. The result of the study were briefly summarized as below. 1. The difference of point between sex and medication statement was ;significant by statistical test. 2. Age and past occupational history were not important variables. 3. The Multiple Stepwise Regression Equation obtained by this study was not useful.
Education ; Female ; Humans ; Smoke ; Smoking

This survey was conducted to find out demage done to the farmers by ;Agrochemicals in a rural area of Korea from January to October, 1980. Choon Sung Gun, Kang Won Province was the survey area and the 412 males were surveyed among all those that have sprayed agrochemicals. during 10 Months in 1980. Obtained results and findings from this survey are summarized as follows; 1. The total spray days of 413 males were 3,114 days and avarage spray days per person were 7.54 days. Also avarage spray hours per person were 4.7 hours. 2. The incidence rate per 100 persons of self-recognized skin manifestation was 12.6 persons and incidence rate per spray day was 2.7 percent. The incidence rate per 1Q0 persons of self-recognized intoxication was 23.0 persons and incidence rate per spray day was 3.6 percent. 3. In cases where mask was not used, when it was syrayed in hot weather, when stronger solution was used, the results were higher percentage in self-recognized intoxication (P<0.01). 4. The symptoms of self-recognized intoxication were headache (55.8%), dizziness (46.9%),. nausea (17.7%), fatigue (17.0%), and vomiting (17.0;%). 5. Number of intoxication per 100 used standardized unit by agrochemicals was parathion (93.8 spells), sumithion (91.8 spells) and folithion (66.7 spells). 6. Treatment was done by health facility utilization (27 cases), visits to drug store (13 cases) and visits to health center (7 cases).
Agrochemicals* ; Dizziness ; Fatigue ; Fenitrothion ; Gangwon-do ; Headache ; Health Facilities ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea* ; Male ; Masks ; Nausea ; Parathion ; Skin Manifestations ; Vomiting ; Weather

No abstract available.
Female ; Humans ; Student Health Services*

The followings are the results of the study on industrial accidents occurred at 12 factories manufacturing metal products during the period of 2 years from January 1980 to December 1981 in the area of Yong-Dung-Po in Seoul. The results of the study are as follows: 1. The incidence rate of industrial injuries was 45.7 per 1, 000 workers, of the sample group and the rate of male (54.0) was three times higher than that of female ('17.5). 2. In age groups, the highest rate was observed in the group of under 19 years old with 83.5, awhile the lowest in the group of 40s. 3. It was found that those who had short term of work experience produced a higher rate of injuries, particularly, the group of workers with less than 1 year of experience showed the highest rate of it as 48.1%. 4. In working time, the highest incidence rate occurred 3 and 7 hours after the beginning of their working showing the rate of 6. 0 and 6. 1 per 1, 000 workers, respectively. 5. The highest incidence rate was observed on Monday as 8.4 per 1, 000 workers, and it was 18.3% in aspect of the days of a week. 6. in aspect of the months of a year, the highest incidence was observed on July as 5.4 per 1, 000 workers and the next was on March as 4. 8. These figures account for 11.8% and 10.5 of total occurrence in respective month. 7. In causes of injuries, the accident caused by power driver: machinery showed the highest rate with 37.5%, the second was due to handling without machinery with 17.2%, and the third was due to falling objects with 14.2%, and striking against objects with 10.2%, and so on. 8. By parts of the body affected, the mist injuries 84.3% of them occurred on both upper and lower extremities with the rate of 58.8% for the former and 25.5% for the latter. Fingers were most frequently injured with a rate of 40.3%. Comparing the sites of extremities affected, rate of injuries on the right side was 55.0% and 45.0% on the left sloe. 9. In the nature of injury, laceration and open wound were the highest w th 34.0%, the next was fracture and dislocation with 31.90, and sprain was the third with 8, 10. On the duration of treatment, it lasted less than one month in 68. 9~, of the injured cases, of which 14.5% of~the cases were recovered within 2 weeks, and 54.4% of them were treated more than 2 weeks. And the duration of the treatment tended to be prolot~ ged in larger industries. 11. The ratio of insured accidents to uninsured accidents was 1 to 4.7.
Accidents, Occupational ; Dislocations ; Epidemiologic Studies* ; Extremities ; Female ; Fingers ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lacerations ; Lower Extremity ; Male ; Medically Uninsured ; Seoul* ; Sprains and Strains ; Strikes, Employee ; Wounds and Injuries ; Young Adult

The methods controlling the confounding factors were discussed using the data of secondary infertility with induced abortion. Mantel-Haenszel method and logistic model were applied in the analysis to find out which factors were confounding and/or effect modificaton variables. In the logistic analysis, the main effect of induced abortion, spontaneous abortion, age and interaction effect between induced abortion and spontaneous abortion werechosen as independent variables being regressed into logistic functions. Spontaneons abortion was interpreted as a potential confounder and at the same time potential effect modifier and age wasinterpreted as potential confounder. Spontaneous abortion was shown to be more important influencing factor than age to the secondary infertility. In the course of logistic analysis, the problem of parameter estimation and hypothesis testing, assessing the fitness of a model, and selection of the best model were briegy explained. For the program of logistic model, FUNCAT Procedure of SAS package was chosen.
Abortion, Induced* ; Abortion, Spontaneous ; Female ; Humans ; Infertility* ; Logistic Models* ; Pregnancy

This study was undertaken to observe relationships between patterns of feeding, supplementary-feeding and various maternal, family, and socioeconomic charactereistics in Hae Cheog Apartment area in Cheongdam-dong, Kangnamku, Seoul on July 2 to 12 in 1982. The results were based on a questionnaire from 179 mothers who have the last-born child under two vears old. Results were as follows: 1) In socio-demographic characteristics, most of mothers were 25 to 30 years old and 52.0% of index children were under 6 months old. About 56. 0,00 of families were the salaries and 47. 0% of them earn over 500,000 won a month. 40. 8% of mothers were college graduates and 81.60 of mothers had no occupation. 2) 89.4% of mothers received prenatal care in pregnancy of the index children and mothers.-who have delivered the child in medical institute were 88.3%. Mothers who recieved education of breast care and feeding technique through prenatal care were 22.4%, 31.8,,o respectively. 3) In the feeding method, 44. 1% of mothers took the breast feeding, ~4. 0% of them chose the artificial feeding, and 20. 756 of them chose the mixed feeding. Mothers who changed the method from breast feeding to artificial feeding were 10.6% and only 0.60 of mothers: changed from artificial feeding to breast feeding. 4) According to the questionnaire, 37 mothers have already finished lactation (no relation with the beginning of weaning food). In breast feeding, one mother has lactated for 46 months,. one has lactated for 7-9 months, four have lactated for 1012 months, and seven have continued the lactation over 12 months. In artificial and mixed feeding, as the same phenomenon, most of mothers have lactated for more than 12 months. 5) The reasons for feeding method were as follows: in breast feeding,, 64. 6% of them took the-method because they thought the breast milk nutrious, in artificial feeding, 34.90 of them chose it because they had occupation and in the mixed feeding, 6716% of mothers took the method because of lack of their breast milk. In the case of changing! the method from breast feeding to artificial feeding, 42.1% of them answered that they ~d to change the method because of lack of breast milk. 6) In most of cases; the 4th month was the proper period to begin t4 weaning food and 32.5 of breast feeding children and 27.6% of artificial feeding children ;began the weaning food in 4th month. After 4th month; there was no difference between breast feeding and artificial feeding in the beginning of weaning food. 7) In the matter of menstruation, 29.8% of mothers who had breast feeding started their menstruations in 3 months and the rest of them delayed until 12 months. 40% of mothers who had artificial feeding began to menstruate after 2 months and all the rest started within 5 months. 8) The birth interval between the index child and next new child (would-be-born): In breast feeding, the interval of 1824 months had a majority as 50.0,x, and in the artificial feeding, the interval of over 24 months marked 66.7% of them. It was analyzed hat the birth interval of artificial feeding was wider than that of breast feeding. 9) In the desirable number of children, the mothers who had breast feeding wanted two sons and two daughters as proper children. Those who want two children in disregard of the sex (son or daughter) were 89.3% of breast feeding, and 80.00 of artificial feeding respectively. Mothers who had breast feeding wanted two children rather than onechild. 10) In the family planning practice, the rate of practice were 41.9%in breast feeding, and 58.1% in artificial feeding respectively. In the case of breast feeding, the using rate of family planning practice in men was higher than in women.
Adult ; Birth Intervals ; Breast ; Breast Feeding ; Child ; Education ; Family Planning Services ; Feeding Methods ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Lactation ; Male ; Menstruation ; Milk, Human ; Mothers ; Nuclear Family ; Nutritional Support ; Occupations ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Care ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; Seoul ; Weaning

Cyanide poisoning is expected to be antagonized by the administration of oxygen, when it is administered in combination with the conventional cyanide antidote, sodium,thiosulfate. However, the antidotal efficacy and its exact mechanism of oxygen in cyanide poisoning is still a controversial one. To test the effect of oxygen on the antidotal action of thiosulfate ,in cyanide poisoning, author designed this study on the dose-mortality patterns for potassium cyanide in mice. Potency ratios derived from LDso values were compared in groups of mice treated with sodium thiosulfate alone and sodium thiosulfate with oxygen. These results indicated that oxygen enhances the anti-dotal effect of sodium thiosulfate, effectively. This fact demonstrates that oxygen is of importance in the treatment of cyanide poisoning.
Animals ; Mice ; Oxygen* ; Poisoning* ; Potassium Cyanide ; Sodium

Diving related disease including decompression sickness is an important occupational health problem and diving fishermen remain a fairly hazardous occupation in Korea. To prevent diving related disease, we investigate diving patterns, incidence of diving related diseases, and contributing factors of 433 diving fishermen of three coast interviewing and mailing questionnaire in 1996. Mean age of divers was 39.7 years, ranged from 24 to 58 years, 92.8% of these were male, and 58.4% of divers were high school graduates. Mean duration of work as a diver was 12.9 years, ranged from 2 to 40 years. It was found that 70.4% of divers were using hookah system, 22.2% of helmet, and only 2.5% SCUBA. About half of them have learned diving skills from other divers. The peak season of diving was from April to June and mean working days were 20.3 days per month during the peak season. On the average, the divers dived 5-6 times, ranged from 1 to 10 times a day with 51.1 minutes of diving time, ranged from 20 to 120 minutes, at 30 m or 40 m in depth, and 35.5 minute of interval on surface. Most divers ascended slowly making decompression stop, yet the decompression profile used was not based on any scientific knowledge except for their own experiences. It appeared that each diving system had slightly different diving patterns. There were 282(65.0%) divers that suffered from DCS in 1995 and 31.2% of divers were given recompression therapy at a medical facility since they worked as diving fishermen. Skin and musculoskeletal complaints were common symptoms of DCS and 39% of divers experienced a voiding difficulty. In univariate analysis, females have an increased frequency of DCS(93% vs 66% for males). Old age, long duration of work, helmet diving, diving time, diving depth, repetitive diving, and blow up were all contributing factors to DCS. It was found that most diving patterns exceed no decompression limit and did not use the standard decompression table. This suggests that most of divers are at high risk of developing diving related disease with prolonged dives and lengthy repetitive diving in deep depth. Considering the diving patterns and economic aspect of professional diving, the incidence of DCS among diving fishermen in Korea will not decrease in the near future. These findings suggest that periodic health surveillance for divers, and education of health and safety are important for reducing the risk of diving related disease in the population of diving fishermen.
Decompression ; Decompression Sickness ; Diving* ; Education ; Female ; Head Protective Devices ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea* ; Male ; Occupational Health ; Occupations ; Postal Service ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seasons ; Skin

The purpose of this study is provide a basic data for the prevention and management of musculoskeletal symptoms in Korea seamen. 569 seamen's questionnaire had been acquired at Korea Marine Training and Research Institute from February 24 to March 31 in 1997. The results of this study were as follows; Prevalence in musculoskeletal symptom within recent 12 months was 68.5%. It was 76.3% in seamen who had graduated from colleges or universities and 56.0% in seamen who had graduated from elementary school(p<0.01). The more working hours(p<0.01), services on the vessel(p<0.01), and the less job atisfaction(p<0.05), the higher prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms were. The distribution of musculoskeletal symptoms by the part of the body was turned out as Back ; 43.6%, knee ; 23.9%, shoulder ; 19.3%. The officers had more frequency of symptom around the neck than the ratings(p<0.01) and the seamen who work at the engine room were more frequent in elbow than those at deck department(p<0.05). In the duration of pain, 55.4% were less than one week, 20.6% less than 30 days, and 24.0% 30 days and more. the cause of symptom was turned out as 34.5% by excessive hard work and 30.1% was unknown. For the treatment of the musculoskeletal symptoms, 40.3% with symptomes did not have any medical treatment, 27.6% was self-treated and 22.7% was treated at hospital. This study shows that musculoskeletal disorders are seamen's important health problem and they can not properly take medical service due to the out of home for a long period as characteristics of occupation.
Academies and Institutes ; Elbow ; Knee ; Korea* ; Neck ; Occupations ; Prevalence* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Shoulder

To investigate the effectiveness of the interventions in working environment and personal hygiene for the occupational exposure to the lead, the blood zinc protoporphyrin(ZPP) concentrations of 131 workers ( 100 exposed subjects and 31 controls ) of a newly established battery factory were analyzed. They were measured in every 3 months up to 18 months. Air lead concentration (Pb-A) of the workplaces was also checked for 3 times in 6 months interval from August 1987. Environmental intervention included the local exhaust ventilation and vacuum cleaning of the floor. Intervention of the personal hygiene included the daily change of clothes, compulsory shower after work and hand washing before meal, prohibition of cigarette smoking and food consumption at the work site and wearing mask. Mean blood ZPP concentration of the controls was 16.45+/-4.83 microgram/dashliter at the preemployment examination and slightly increased to 17.77+/-5.59 microgram/dashliter after 6 months. Mean blood ZPP concentration of the exposed subjects who were employed before the factory was in operation (Group A) was 17.36+/-5.20 microgram/dashliter on employment and it was increased to 23.00+/-13.06 microgram/dashliter after 3 months. The blood ZPP concentration was increased to 27.25+/-6.40 microgram/dashliter on 6 months (p<0.01) after the employment which was 1 month after the initiation of intervention program. It did not increase thereafter and ranged between 25.48 microgram/dashliter and 26.61 microgram/dashliter in the subsequent 4 results. Mean blood ZPP concentration of the exposed subjects who were employed after the factory had been in operation but before the intervention program was initiated (Group B) was 14.34+/-6.10 microgram/dashliter on employment and it was increased to 28.97+/-7.14 microgram/dashliter (p<0.01) in 3 months later(1 month after the intervention). The values of subsequent 4 tests were maintained between 26.96 microgram/dashliter and 27.96 microgram/dashliter. Mean blood ZPP concentration of the exposed subjects who were employed after intervention program had been started (Group C) was 21.34+/-5.25 microgram/dashliter on employment and it was gradually increased to 23.37+/-3.86 microgram/dashliter (p<0.01) after 3 months, 23.93+/-3.64 microgram/dashliter after 6 months, 25.50+/-3.01 microgram/dashliter (p<0.01) after 9 months, and 25.50+/-3.10 microgram/dashliter after 12 months. Workplaces were classified into 4 parts according to Pb-A. The Pb-A of part I, the highest areas, were 0.365 microgram/m4, and after the intervention the levels were decreased to 0.216 microgram/m4 and 0.208 microgram/m4 in follow-up test. The Pb-A of part II which was resulted in lower value than part I was decreased from 0.232 microgram/m4 to 0.148 microgram/m4, and 0.120 microgram/m4 after the intervention. The Pb-A of part III was tested after the intervention and resulted in 0.124 microgram/m4 in January 1988 and 0.081 microgram/m4 in August 1988. The Pb-A of part IV was also tested after the intervention and resulted in 0.110 microgram/m4 in August 1988. There was no consistent relationship between Pb-A and blood ZPP concentration. The blood ZPP concentration of the group A and B workers in the part of the highest Pb-A were lower than those of the workers in the parts of lower Pb-A. The blood ZPP concentration of the workers in the part of the lowest Pb-A increased more rapidly. The blood ZPP concentration of the group C workers was the highest in part III. These findings suggest that the intervention in personal hygiene is more effective than environmental intervention, and it should be carried out from the first day of employment and to both the exposed subjects, blue color workers and the controls, white color workers.
Cohort Studies* ; Employment ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hand Disinfection ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Masks ; Meals ; Occupational Exposure ; Smoking ; Vacuum ; Ventilation ; Workplace ; Zinc*