Influenza B virus infections appear to be more common extra-respiratory tract symptoms, compared to influenza A virus infections. Benign acute childhood myositis (BACM) is a benign disease that is caused mainly by many viruses like influenza A or B virus infection. Usually BACM is fully cured with only supportive treatment without unnecessary investigation or invasive procedure. This report describes an eight-year-old boy with acute bilateral calf pain and walking difficulty who diagnosed with BACM after influenza B virus infection.
Child ; Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine ; Humans ; Influenza A virus ; Influenza B virus ; Influenza, Human ; Male ; Myositis ; Walking

Electrodiagnostic tests (EDX) is essential for the diagnosis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). EDX could provide information about demyelinating pathology in the peripheral nerves. According to phenotypes, CIDP could be classified several phenotypes, which has different clinical manifestations, EDX could present a different distribution pattern of demyelinating lesions. In addition, EDX could be useful markers for predicting treatment response of prognosis of CIDP.
Classification ; Diagnosis ; Electrodiagnosis ; Neural Conduction ; Pathology ; Peripheral Nerves ; Phenotype ; Polyneuropathies ; Polyradiculoneuropathy, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating ; Prognosis

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is nowadays consider as an umbrella term that has heterogenous presentation depend on their subtypes. GBS is clinical diagnosis and its diagnosis can be supported by laboratory findings from cerebral spinal fluid study, nerve conduction study, anti-ganglioside antibodies, spinal magnetic resonance imaging and nerve ultrasound. Understanding atypical subtypes and GBS mimicking diseases are crucial for correct diagnosis. Both proper medical care for respiratory and autonomic dysfunction and immunotherapy are essential to improve outcome of GBS. Here, we summarized the current concept on diagnosis, immunopathophysiology and treatment of GBS.
Antibodies ; Diagnosis ; Guillain-Barre Syndrome ; Immunotherapy ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neural Conduction ; Ultrasonography

The most prevalent microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus is neuropathy, which encompasses distal symmetric polyneuropathy, mononeuropathy, radiculoplexopathy, and autonomic neuropathy. Intensive glucose control prevents and effectively halts the progression of diabetic neuropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, the effect of strict glucose control itself is at modest in those with type 2 diabetes. Although we have better understanding of the mechanism of diabetic neuropathy, many pharmacologic trials for the targeting underlying nerve damage have reported unsuccessful results. In this review, the effects and limitations of the current therapeutic options will be discussed.
Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; Diabetic Neuropathies ; Glucose ; Humans ; Life Style ; Mononeuropathies ; Polyneuropathies

Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) causes neuropathic pain with reduced quality of life as well as diabetic foot ulceration which sometimes resulted in amputation. Early detection and improved knowledge of pathogenic pathways are important to prevent and to manage DPN. The screening methods and several tests to diagnose DPN-quantitative sensory testing, skin biopsy, corneal confocal microscopy, etc.-will be described.
Amputation ; Biopsy ; Diabetic Foot ; Diabetic Neuropathies ; Mass Screening ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Neuralgia ; Quality of Life ; Skin ; Ulcer

This article provides an overview for understanding the classification and pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Diabetic neuropathies are prevalent disorder. The most common manifestation is distal symmetric polyneuropathy, but various patterns of neuropathy can occur. New information for the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy continues to emerge, which will lead to identifying new drug targets.
Classification ; Diabetic Neuropathies ; Polyneuropathies

We reported an age 32 male with progressive proximal muscle weakness. The serum creatine kinase was 1,908 IU/L. The muscle biopsy from biceps brachii muscle showed nonspecific myopathic changes. The whole exome sequencing identified a heterozygous variant (c.296A>C) in CAV3. It was previously reported as a likely pathogenic variant. It was also detected in the male’s mother and brother. However, his mother and brother had only hyperCKemia without muscle weakness. Our case showed phenotypic heterogeneity in a family, with the same variant in CAV3.

Muscle and nerve biopsy may be vital diagnostic tools in various neuromuscular disorders. Since these procedures are invasive, it matters to decide when to perform a biopsy, which muscle or nerve to be selected, and how to interpret the pathologies. This review addresses the indications, methods of biopsies, and also significant pathological findings frequently encountered in muscle and nerve pathology.

Autoantibodies are present in many autoimmune disorders, including diseases impacting the peripheral nerve, neuromuscular junction, and muscle. Some of these autoantibodies play a vital role in pathogenesis, whereas others are unlikely to be directly pathogenic, but may be useful biomarkers. The identification of autoantibodies is valuable in diagnosis, as well as in establishing a treatment plan in antibody-mediated neuromuscular disorders. This review briefly summarizes antibody, autoantibody, and methods of autoantibody testing for clinicians who treat patients with neuromuscular disorders.