OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to develop a series of education materials as a card news format to provide nutrition information for pregnant and lactating women. METHODS: The materials were developed in seven steps. As a first step, the needs of pregnant and lactating women were assessed by reviewing scientific papers and existing education materials, and by interviewing a focus group. The second step was to construct main categories and the topics of information. In step 3, a draft of the contents in each topic was developed based on the scientific evidence. In step 4, a draft of card news was created by editors and designers by editing the text and embedding images in the card news. In step 5, the text, images and sequences were reviewed to improve readability by the members of the project team and nutrition experts. In step 6, parts of the text or images or the sequences of the card news were revised based on the reviews. In step 7, the card news were finalized and released online to the public. RESULTS: A series of 26 card news for pregnant and lactating women were developed. The series covered five categories such as nutrition management, healthy food choices, food safety, favorites to avoid, nutrition management in special conditions for pregnant and lactating women. The satisfaction of 7 topics of the card news was evaluated by 140 pregnant women, and more than 70% of the women were satisfied with the materials. CONCLUSIONS: The card news format materials developed in this study are innovative nutrition education tools, and can be downloaded on the homepage of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Those materials can be easily shared in social media by nutrition educators or by pregnant and lactating women to use.
Comprehension ; Education* ; Female ; Focus Groups ; Food Safety ; Humans ; Pregnant Women ; Social Media

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to investigate providers' perspectives on current challenges in implementing a program for prevention and management of childhood obesity and adoption of mobile phone as a potential solution of leveraging multimodal delivery and support in a school setting. METHODS: The qualitative data were collected through face-to-face in-depth interviews with 23 elementary-school teachers, 6 pediatricians, and 6 dieticians from community health centers and analyzed using a qualitative research methodology. RESULTS: Current challenges and potential solutions of obesity-prevention and -management program for obesity program for elementary school children were deduced as two themes each. Lack of tailored intervention due to limited recipient motivation, lack of individualized behavioral intervention, and different environmental conditions can be solvable by mobile technology-based personalized intervention which brings about interactive recipient participation, customized behavioral intervention, and ubiquitous accessibility. Lack of sustainable management due to stigmatization, limited interactions between program providers and inconsistent administrative support can be handled by multimodal support based on school setting using mobile platform providing education of health promoting behaviors toward larger scale and interactive networking between program participants, and minimizing administrative burden. CONCLUSIONS: Adoption of mobile-based health management program may overcome current limitations of child obesity program such as lack of tailored intervention and sustainable management via personalized intervention and multimodal supports although some concerns such as increased screen time need to be carefully considered in a further study.
Cell Phones* ; Child* ; Community Health Centers ; Education ; Humans ; Motivation ; Nutritionists ; Obesity* ; Pediatric Obesity ; Qualitative Research ; Stereotyping

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the smoking status among adult workers, and current status of sugar intake. METHODS: The survey included 500 men working in Gyeonggi-do from October to November in 2016. Questionnaire items covered their age, working status, smoking status, eating habits, eating behaviors, snack consumption status, habits and behaviors related to sugar intake. All data were analyzed by SPSS program (Ver. 23) and descriptive statistics was performed; a t-test, χ² test, One-way ANOVA and Scheffe test were used for post-hoc test. RESULTS: The study results showed that eating habits and behaviors of non-smokers were better than those of smokers. The frequency of daily snack consumption was the highest in smokers compared to and non-smokers. The smokers' favorite taste after smoking was ‘Sweet’. The average score of sugar-related nutrition knowledge was higher in non-smokers compared to smokers. Non-smokers had better recognition of ‘sugar reduction’, and smokers were more likely to eat sweet foods, respectively. On the other hand, non-smokers could observe that they were trying to control themselves for health reasons. According to the results of the study, non-smokers showed better eating habits and dietary habits and consumed less sugar. Also, it was found that non-smokers tried to drink more water than beverages and refrain from eating sweets to reduce their sugar intake. Further, the most of the bread, coffee and beverages were also consumed at a lower frequency by non-smokers compared to smokers. CONCLUSIONS: This study results showed that smoking and sugar consumption were closely related. Therefore, adult workers should actively promote and learn so that they can maintain healthy and suitable dietary habits through reduction of sugar consumption.
Adult* ; Beverages ; Bread ; Coffee ; Eating ; Feeding Behavior ; Food Habits ; Gyeonggi-do ; Hand ; Humans ; Male ; Smoke* ; Smoking* ; Snacks ; Water

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to develop dietary change program items that could be used to improve dietary life of the elderly and investigate their validity. METHODS: The survey was were analyzed by SPSS program (Ver. 21) and descriptive statistics was performed; a t-test, χ² test, One-way ANOVA and Friedman test were used to determine the priority. RESULTS: Programs for feeding senior citizens that need to be newly established are largely divided into two fields, namely, application of welfare facilities and application of home care, classified into large, medium and sub-classes. The large class was divided into nutrition management, sanitary control, and other health management. The medium class of nutrition management was divided into nutrition education, nutrition intervention, and menu management and supply. The sub-class was composed of division into application of welfare facilities for the elderly and application of home care for the same age group. Responses showed high rate saying that all the categorized items were necessary and valid. With respect to expectation effect on a community program for old people feeding, ‘yes’ was 65 people (55.6%) showing very high expectation toward the question whether a community program for old people feeding are newly set up. CONCLUSIONS: It is believed that nutrition for the aged will be improved and it will be a help not only to a small facilities without obligation of employing a dietician but also to the aged at home if a community program for old people feeding are newly established.
Aged ; Education ; Feasibility Studies* ; Home Care Services ; Humans ; Nutritionists ; Program Development*

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine self-management status, nutritional knowledge, barrier factors in dietary management and needs of nutritional management program for women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). METHODS: A total of 100 women with GDM were recruited from secondary and tertiary hospitals in Seoul. The questionnaire composed of general characteristics, status of self-management, dietary habits, nutrition knowledge, barrier factors in dietary management, needs for nutrition information contents and nutritional management programs. Data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire. All data were statistically analyzed using student's t-test and chi-square test using SAS 9.3. RESULTS: About 35% of the subjects reported that they practiced medical nutrition and exercise therapy for GDM control. The main sources of nutrition information were ‘internet (50.0%)’ and ‘expert advice (45.0%)’. More than 70% of the subjects experienced nutrition education. The mean score of nutrition knowledge was 7.5 point out of 10, and only about half of the subjects were reported to be correctly aware of some questions such as ‘the cause of ketosis’, ‘the goal of nutrition management for GDM’, ‘the importance of sugar restriction on breakfast’. The major obstructive factors in dietary management were ‘eating more than planned when dining out’, ‘finding the appropriate menu when dining out’. The preferred nutrition information contents in developing management program were ‘nutritional information of food’, ‘recommended food by major nutrients’, ‘the relationship between blood glucose and food’, ‘tips on menu selection at eating out’. The subjects reported that they need management program such as ‘example of menu by calorie prescription’, ‘recommended weight gain guide’, ‘meal recording and dietary assessment’, ‘expert recommendation’, ‘sharing know-how’. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to develop a program that provide personalized information by identifying the individual characteristics of the subjects and expert feedback function through various information and nutrition information contents that can be used in real life.
Blood Glucose ; Diabetes, Gestational* ; Eating ; Education ; Exercise Therapy ; Female ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Needs Assessment ; Nutritional Status ; Pregnancy ; Self Care ; Seoul ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Weight Gain

OBJECTIVES: The present study systematically reviewed previous studies published in Korea regarding obesity status of children and adolescents in order to provide valid directions for future research and to help establish evidence-based prevention strategies. METHODS: The articles were selected by searching the primary keyword ‘obesity’ and the secondary keywords ‘children’, ‘young children’, ‘adolescents’ or ‘kids’ on the KISS (Korean Studies Information Service System). Out of 503 articles excluding the overlap, 308 articles were selected with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Secular trends of obesity research, distribution of subjects, potential risk factors for obesity, and intervention method for obesity management were documented. The associations between obesity and dietary factors were summarized. RESULTS: The overall number of research studies has increased since 2000 but obesity management studies have decreased in recent years. Most of the studies used a cross-sectional design. Research on preschool children were extremely limited. Intervention studies targeting males were prevalent. The most significant variables relevant to dietary habits were speed of eating, regular breakfast and snacking. The most significant food and nutrient intake factors were thiamin and iron. Intakes of cereals and animal foods were significantly higher in obese children than the counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: The present review of locally published articles on the obesity status in children and adolescents suggested the need for well-designed further studies focused on risk factors of obesity and on a range of intervention methods conducive to the development of obesity prevention and management programs.
Adolescent* ; Animals ; Breakfast ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Eating ; Edible Grain ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Information Services ; Iron ; Korea* ; Male ; Methods ; Obesity ; Pediatric Obesity* ; Risk Factors* ; Snacks

Iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women has been of great concern because of its negative effects on the outcomes of pregnancy. Much of evidence has shown that there are associations between pregnancy outcomes and maternal iron status. Maternal iron status might affect pregnancy outcomes through the iron status of the cord blood. In this study, we divided 91 subjects into two groups : the anemic and the normal groups. The groups were classified according to their hemoglobin(Hb) and hematocrit(Hct) values of the maternal blood in the third trimester of the pregnancies. We determined the parameters for the iron status of the cord blood and then analyzed the correlations between these parameters and the pregnancy outcomes. Mothers in the anemic group had a significantly higher parity number and a lower dietary score as well as a shorter duration of iron supplements consumed compared to those in the normal group. Maternal Hb values in the third trimester had positive correlations with the infant's head and chest circumferences, and the Hct values related positively to the infant's chest circumferences. On the other hand, Hb concentrations of the cord blood had positive correlations with the infant's height and head and chest circumferences. The Hct values of the cord blood had positive correlations with gestational periods and the cord lengths. These results suggest that the maternal iron status might influence fetal development through the iron status of the cord blood.
Anemia* ; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency ; Female ; Fetal Blood* ; Fetal Development ; Hand ; Head ; Humans ; Iron* ; Mothers ; Parity ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome* ; Pregnancy Trimester, Third ; Pregnancy* ; Pregnant Women ; Thorax

The purpose of this study was to assess the iron nutritional status of college women residing in the Kyungin area. The anthropometric parameters, nutrient intake, and biochemical status of iron were measured for 102 college women. The mean height and weight were 160.3 cm and 52.4 kg, respectively. The proportion of subjects whose BMI was less than 20 was 41.3%. The proportion of subjects assessed as overweight(25 or =25%) assessed by the fat percent(FP) was 53.9%. The mean daily intake of iron was 13.90mg(77.1% of RDA), composed of 0.97mg of heme iron and 12.93mg of nonheme iron. the iron intake computed with the chemical analysis of food was 12.44mg(69.0% of RDA). When the sources of iron were grouped as rice(including bread), noodle, soup, side dish, and snack, noodle provided, 3.95mg of iron regarded as the highest amount. Subjects were taking 6.72mg(51.4% of RDA) of iron per day from main dishes(rice, bread and noddle). The fifty percent of the subjects showed iron depletion(serum ferritin<20ng/ml) and 33.4% showed suppressed erythropoiesis with iron deficiency(serum ferritin<10ng/ml). The anemic subjects assessed with transferrin saturation(<155) represented 33.3% of the test population, whereas 11.8% of the subjects possessed less than 12g/dl of hemoglobin. Subjects not satisfed with their body shape were having significantly lower amount of energy intake(p<0.05) than the subjects satisfied with their body shape. College women having mothers who graduated from university had a significantly decreased amount of energy, carbohydrates, fat and vitamin C(p<0.05). The mean RBC and serum iron of the subjects who were on a diet more than one mouth were lower than those of the subjects who were not on a diet(p<0.05).
Bread ; Carbohydrates ; Diet ; Erythropoiesis ; Female* ; Heme ; Humans ; Iron* ; Mothers ; Mouth ; Nutritional Status* ; Overweight ; Prevalence ; Snacks ; Transferrin ; Vitamins

This study was conducted to assess the nutrient intake patterns among urban and rural adolescents and to investigate the effects due to parent's socioeconomic status and other factors, such as mother's job, family type and regular exercise on that pattern. 2,455 middle and high school students living in Seoul and Yangpong, Kyounffi-Do participated in a self-administered questionnaire that was used to collect data. The one-day dietary intake was surveyed through a 24-hour recall method. The factors significantly different between urban and rural adolescents according to monthly income, parent's education level, mother's job, family type and exercise. Income, the parents' education level and regular exercise were associated with the patterns of nutrient intakes as a percent of the RDA. So, when adjusted for parental income, the father's and mother's education level and regular exercise, there were no signifcant differences within the patterns of nutritional intake between urban and rural adolescents. The results provided the information regarding the determinants of nutrient status among adolescents and were expected to be helpful for planning school health promotion programs.
Adolescent* ; Education ; Humans ; Parents* ; School Health Services ; Seoul ; Social Class* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

This study compares the growth performance(weight-for-age Z-score, height-for-age Z-score, weight-for-height Z-score) of one- to three-month-old Korean infants(n=232) with the Korean standard(1994) and NCHS reference(1983). The weight-for-age Z-scores(WAZ) by the Korean standard were -2~1,5 for males and -3~1 for females. The NCHS reference, WAZ results were -1~2.5 and -2.5~3.5 for males and females, respectively. The WAZ compared Korean standard showed no subjects with overnutrition. But 1.3% of the infants showed signs of malnutrition. Comparison with NCHS reference revealed that 0.4% of the infants were malnourished and 7.0% of the infants were overnourished. The WAZ of formula-fed infants were distributed higher than breast-fed infants, but that was not significant. The height-for-age Z-score(HAZ) by the Korean standard were -4.5%~1.5% for males and -4~1.5% for females. According to the NCHS reference, HAZ were -2.5%~2.5% and -3~3 for males and females, respectively. When the WAZ was compared with the Korean standard, there was no overnutrition but 16% of the infants showed signs of malnutrition. The NCHS reference, revealed that 6.9% of the infants were malnourished and 1.8% of the infants were ovemourished. The weight-for-height Z-scores(WHZ) by the Korean standard were -2~5 for males and -2.5~5 for females. The NCHS reference WAZ scores were -1~4 and -1.5~4.5 for males and females, respectively. When the WHZ was compared with the Korean standard, 2.2% of infants were malnourished and 19.5% were overnourished. There were no malnourished subjects according to the NCHS reference and 19.1% of the infants were overnourished. When the three Z-scores are considered together, 92.0% of the infants should a normal growth status, there was no malnutrition, and 8.0% of the infants were overnourished. The growth performance was evaluated differently according to the type of standards. Thus, it is necessary to set proper growth standards for infants, according to which classification of feeding methods is chosen. A longterm and careful assessment of infants's growth performances to develop any group of standards.
Classification ; Feeding Methods ; Female ; Humans ; Infant* ; Male ; Malnutrition ; Overnutrition ; Postpartum Period*