PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect on pain of distraction with an operating doll in preschool children(3-6 years old) during an IV catheter insertion. METHOD: The research design was a nonequivalent control group posttest design, and the participants were 22 children in the experimental group, and 23 children in the control group. The children were hospitalized for enteritis and pharyngitis in a university hospital. The subjective pain was measured using FACES Pain Rating Scale by self report, and the pain behavior responses were scored using Procedure Behavior Check List by observing a film of the entire procedure, and changes in pulse and oxygen saturation as the physiological pain responses were measured by pulse oximeter. Data were analyzed with the SPSS Win 10.0 program. RESULT: The degree of subjective pain, pain behavior responses, and changes in pulse during IV catheter insertion were significantly lower in the experimental group. But there was no significant difference in O2 saturation between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Distraction using an operating doll was effective in decreasing pain during inserting the IV catheter in preschool children.
Catheters* ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Enteritis ; Humans ; Oxygen ; Pharyngitis ; Research Design ; Self Report ; Child Health

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects on weight of premature infants when Yakson therapy was conducted by mothers and also to measure role confidence and role satisfaction of the mothers. METHOD: A non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design was used. The data were collected from January to July, 2005. Thirty preterm infants and mothers were assigned to either an experimental (15) or a control group (15). Yakson therapy consists of three phases: laying on of hands, caressing by hands, and laying on of hands again, each phase taking 5 minutes. Yakson therapy was provided to infants in the experimental group for 15-minutes 5 times a day for 15 days. Infant weight, mothers' role confidence and satisfaction with role were measured for both groups. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, weight gain of infants in the experimental group (t=2.05, p=.049) was significantly increased after 15 days. The experimental group also had significantly higher scores in mothers' role confidence (t=1.98, p=.038). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that Yakson therapy can be used to increase weight gain in preterm infants and improve the role confidence of mothers.
Hand ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature* ; Mothers* ; Weight Gain* ; Child Health

This study was to develop and evaluate injury prevention education proposal which will helpful and can be utilized directly on the first line spot for elementary school children. Education proposal development and evaluation process was 1) Construction of 10- times education proposal contents proper to schooler 2) Testify validity through 3 pediatric nursing professor and 4 elementary school nurse 3) Pretest was done from March, 2002 to July on 3-6th grade 313 elementary school students 4) Through correction and revision after pretest evaluation meeting, final injury prevention education proposal was developed 5) After 10- times injury education, evaluation was carried out about the degree of help in education contents and general constitution of injury education to total subjects of educated children. Injury prevention education proposal consists of 10 times and each subjects are followings. 1st is "introduction of injury prevention education and the importance of injury prevention" 2nd is "safety in and around home", 3rd is "injury prevention in school", 4th is "prevention of violence", 5th is "motor vehicle safety", 6th is "water safety", 7th is "prevention of fire and burns", 8th is "toy and product safety", 9th is "sports and recretional activities safety"and the final 10th is "injury prevention caused by animals". In the evaluation, the degree of help in education contents showed it helped to children averaged 1.66 and general constitution showed averaged 2.17 that children satisfied about developed injury prevention proposal. This study expected to provide systematic and concrete guidance in injury prevention education for elementary school children.
Child* ; Constitution and Bylaws ; Education* ; Fires ; Humans ; Pediatric Nursing ; Child Health

PURPOSE: To investigate and compare the knowledge and attitude about smoking of the elementary students according to anti-smoking education. METHOD: A descriptive comparative study design was used. A total 2,000 of the 4th, 5th and 6th grade of elementary students classified into education and non-education groups according to their anti-smoking education. Knowledge and attitude about smoking were measured by the constructed questionnaire. RESULTS: 1) Students' knowledge about smoking were 11.50point on average with highest score being 20. The knowledge of the education group was significantly higher than those of non-education group. No significant differences were observed according to grade or sex. 2) Students' attitude toward smoking were negative with the mean score 31.70. No significant differences were observed according to anti-smoking education, while students in higher grades and male showed significant favorable attitude toward smoking. 3) Among the students of respondents, 5.3% answered they had the experience of smoking. The smoking experience of the education group was significantly higher than those of non-education group. 96.0% of the students would not smoking in the future. No significant differences were observed according to anti-smoking education. CONCLUSION: The results suggested that a systematic strategy required to lead desirable attitude and behavior about smoking of students.
Surveys and Questionnaires ; Education* ; Humans ; Male ; Smoke* ; Smoking* ; Child Health

PURPOSE: Internet addiction is a newly recognized problem in the adolescents. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the educational needs for Internet addiction in middle school students of Korea. METHOD: The subjects of this study were 450 middle school students. The data were collected from open and structured questionnaire about the educational needs for Internet addiction. RESULT: As a result of content analysis of educational needs for Internet addiction, 9 domains and 19 themes were categorized from 542 statements. 9 Domains are : Definition, Etiology, Status, Process, Diagnosis, Influence, Coping and Prevention of Internet Addiction and General Information of Internet Use. These results were revealed that middle school students had comprehensive education needs for Internet Addiction. Also, there were the difference of need contents and frequency between school boy and girl students. Most of students had high educational needs for Internet addiction based on school health care program. CONCLUSION: It would be necessary to develop on Internet addiction prevention program for adolescents concerning these findings. In the future, there should be study to identify the psychological characteristics of adolescent associated with Internet addiction.
Adolescent ; Diagnosis ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Internet* ; Korea* ; Male ; School Health Services ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the alcohol drinking pattern of parents and to analyze drinking related factors in problem drinking among adolescent's parents. METHOD: This study was conducted through a structured questioning from November 5th to 22th in 2002. Those are 2,522 parents of the students of the 1st and 2nd grade who were selected randomly among 26 middle and high schools located in Socho-gu, Seoul. Data was analyzed using SAS program that included descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULT: 1. For frequency of drinking, 33.1% of the subjects responded to drink two-four times a month, 26.0% drink more than two times a week. 2. For the amount of drinking, 29.6% drink one or two glasses while 9.4% drink over ten glasses at a time. 3. The mean AUDIT score was 8.27+/-7.02(score of range: 0-40). 4. Based on AUDIT score, drinkers with less than eight point from AUDIT(normal group) were 55.1%, from more than eight point to less than twelve point from AUDIT(problematic drinker) were 16.3%, and more than twelve point from AUDIT(alcohol abuse and dependency) were 28.6%. 5. Based on more than twelve point from AUDIT, female(mother), high school and, have religion, housekeeper were the significantly higher score than counter parts. CONCLUSION: Alcohol drinking pattern and level of drinking of their parents links to their children's drinking and results in family, social, and national loss. Active prevention is needed. Specially, pertinent education about drinking and public education for mothers who are housekeepers should be carried out with concentrated intervention programs for the problematic drinker so alcohol abuse and dependency can be reduced.
Alcohol Drinking* ; Alcoholism ; Drinking* ; Education ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Humans ; Korea* ; Logistic Models ; Mothers ; Parents* ; Seoul ; Child Health

PURPOSE: This study was attempted to find out the actual conditions of drug education among the elementary school teachers. METHOD: 468 teachers consists of nurse-teachers 175, class-room teachers 240 and athletics teachers 53 of the elementary schools in Pusan city were subjected for this study. The period was December 23th through December 28th, 2002 and collected data was analyzed by SPSSWIN program using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and ANOVA. RESULT: The results of this study were as follows: 1. The average point of nurse-teachers performance(2.11) was higher than that of class-room teachers(1.37) and athletic teachers(1.56). 2. Practical difficulties of drug education was no system in the curriculum for nurse-teachers(22.9%), insufficient expert knowledge for class-room teachers(26.3%) and a lack of education materials for athletics teachers(37.7%). For more effective drug education, 25.7% of nurse-teachers hope to have more organized curriculum presentations, class-room teachers(24%) and athletics teachers(22.7%) hope that more various education materials will be developed. CONCLUSION: Based on this results, drug education contents is needed to supplement a drug use prevention program.
Busan ; Curriculum ; Education* ; Hope ; Humans ; Sports ; Child Health

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of hand acupuncture on reduction of headache. METHOD: This study used a quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test design. 45 middle school girls who complained of headache were selected as subjects. The study lasted from November 2002 to June 2003. There were 22 girls in the experimental group while 23 girls were control group; convenience assignment was used. The two groups were homogeneous on characteristics. The experimental group received hand acupuncture. The treatment was to puncture corresponding points (A33, B27, M1, I2) on both the palm and the back of a hand with disposable acupuncture needles, and then remove them after a 20-30 minutes recess during which the subjects reclined on a bed. The data were analyzed using the SPSS PC with Fisher's Exact X(2)-test, and Mann Whitney U-test. RESULT: The results of this study were as follows: 1) In the experimental group, objective pain decreased after hand acupuncture (U= -2.51, p= .01). As for the objective pain degree, a significant reduction in voice change was observed in the experimental groups (U= -2.35, p= .02). Facial expressional changes were observed (U= -1.87, p= .06) and perspiration degree (U= -.99, p= .32) has reduced. However, these differences were not statistically significant between the experimental and control group. 2) Subjective pain degree decreased after hand acupuncture in the experimental as compared to the control group. 3) No statistical significant difference in comfort (U= -.29, p= .78) or distress (U= -1.51, p= .13) between experimental and control group were found. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that hand acupuncture is an effective method for reducing headache. Therefore, hand acupuncture can be considered as an independent nursing intervention for headache reduction.
Acupuncture* ; Facial Expression ; Female ; Hand* ; Headache* ; Humans ; Needles ; Nursing ; Punctures ; Voice ; Child Health

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of the obese program on BMI, body composition, physical fitness, knowledge, eating behaviors among the elementary school obese children. METHOD: They ranged from the third to sixth grades with over 30% body fat ratio. The subjects consisted of 31 obese children who participated in the obese program and 34 obese who did not participate in the program. The contents of the programs for nine weeks from contained obese education, counseling and exercises once a week. The program lasted from Oct. 8 to Dec. 22, 2001. The Data were analyzed using SPSS program. RESULT: Flexibility was significantly higher for the program participants than the nonparticipants at the post-test. Agility was significantly higher for the program participants than the nonparticipants at the post-test. Knowledge were significantly higher for the program participants than the nonparticipants at the post-test. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that obese program is effective in changing the flexibility, agility, knowledge in obese elementary children over 9 weeks.
Adipose Tissue ; Body Composition* ; Child ; Counseling ; Eating* ; Education ; Exercise ; Feeding Behavior* ; Humans ; Physical Fitness* ; Pliability ; Child Health

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation of gestational age and birth weight with weight gain of very low birth weight infants(VLBWI) during their hospital stay. METHOD: This is a 5 year retrospective study of which data were collected through review of medical records. Subjects were 124 VLBW infants with a birth weight more than 1000g and less than 1500g who received neonatal intensive care at the university hospital between January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2001. RESULT: After calculating the z scores of birth weights and discharge weights, z scores of discharge weight and birth weight were compared with the median weight of a fetus of comparable gestational age based on an intrauterine growth reference. There was a significant difference between z scores of birth weight and discharge weight(t=11.60, df=122, p=0.000). Regardless of intensive care during the prolonged hospital stay, VLBW infants showed slow growth rate compared with the median weight of a fetus of comparable gestational age. CONCLUSION: VLBW infants developed a poor velocity of weight gain during the prolonged hospital stay after birth. The development worsened during the period of physiological weight loss and regain, and they did not reach to comparable growth rate of normal fetus even at the time of discharge. This poor growth velocity of VLBW infants influence negatively for their future growth. Therefore nureses who work at the neonatal intensive care unit must develop an effective nursing intervention protocol to promote the velocity of weight gain and to conduct the parental educational sessions to emphasize the importance of weight gain for VLBW infants at home.
Birth Weight* ; Fetus ; Gestational Age* ; Humans ; Infant* ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight* ; Critical Care ; Intensive Care, Neonatal ; Length of Stay ; Medical Records ; Nursing ; Parents ; Parturition* ; Retrospective Studies ; Weight Gain* ; Weight Loss ; Weights and Measures ; Child Health