PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect on pain of distraction with an operating doll in preschool children(3-6 years old) during an IV catheter insertion. METHOD: The research design was a nonequivalent control group posttest design, and the participants were 22 children in the experimental group, and 23 children in the control group. The children were hospitalized for enteritis and pharyngitis in a university hospital. The subjective pain was measured using FACES Pain Rating Scale by self report, and the pain behavior responses were scored using Procedure Behavior Check List by observing a film of the entire procedure, and changes in pulse and oxygen saturation as the physiological pain responses were measured by pulse oximeter. Data were analyzed with the SPSS Win 10.0 program. RESULT: The degree of subjective pain, pain behavior responses, and changes in pulse during IV catheter insertion were significantly lower in the experimental group. But there was no significant difference in O2 saturation between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Distraction using an operating doll was effective in decreasing pain during inserting the IV catheter in preschool children.
Catheters* ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Enteritis ; Humans ; Oxygen ; Pharyngitis ; Research Design ; Self Report ; Child Health

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects on weight of premature infants when Yakson therapy was conducted by mothers and also to measure role confidence and role satisfaction of the mothers. METHOD: A non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design was used. The data were collected from January to July, 2005. Thirty preterm infants and mothers were assigned to either an experimental (15) or a control group (15). Yakson therapy consists of three phases: laying on of hands, caressing by hands, and laying on of hands again, each phase taking 5 minutes. Yakson therapy was provided to infants in the experimental group for 15-minutes 5 times a day for 15 days. Infant weight, mothers' role confidence and satisfaction with role were measured for both groups. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, weight gain of infants in the experimental group (t=2.05, p=.049) was significantly increased after 15 days. The experimental group also had significantly higher scores in mothers' role confidence (t=1.98, p=.038). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that Yakson therapy can be used to increase weight gain in preterm infants and improve the role confidence of mothers.
Hand ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature* ; Mothers* ; Weight Gain* ; Child Health

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to analyze the discourse of puberty in the early teenage girls. METHOD: The participants were 24, 11-15years old girls who were interviewed in face-to-face using a semi-structured questionnaire. The interviews were done between October 29 and December 27 2003. Analysis of the qualitative data was done in 2 steps. RESULTS: First, the theme of the girls' puberty discourse was identifying normality and consisted of 5 categories : i) defining puberty as experiencing changes, ii) acknowledging their own puberty connecting it with their definitions of puberty, iii) selectively excluding/recognizing the actual pubertal changes by seeing themselves as nonsexual and negative beings, iv) recognizing the pubertal changes as becoming women and making them not peculiar but normal, and v) sharing the knowledge and experience of change inactively and exclusively and resisting the dominant discourse. Three main discourse frames, marking off sexual/nonsexual, man/women, and major/minor were revealed in the second step of the analysis. They were intricately woven with each other and converged on sex. CONCLUSION: The girls posited themselves as being asexual, unstable, and marginal. So there is a need to help them recognize their pubertal state as physical and mental paradigmatic changes and assure their pubertal changes as positive.
Adolescent ; Female* ; Humans ; Puberty* ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe quality of life (QOL) in Korean school-age children by identifying dimensions and attributes of QOL from the child's point of view. METHOD: In-depth interviews with focus questions were used for the study. Twelve children, aged 10 to 13 years, were recruited from Seoul and rural areas. The interviews were audio-taped and transcribed before content analysis. The data were analyzed for themes and attributes. The researchers read the data together and discussed their conclusions until a consensus was reached. RESULTS: Eight dimensions, 57 subdimensions and 101atttributes were identified for QOL in school-age children. The eight dimensions of QOL were physical, social, emotional, learning, leisure, family, self-value, and material aspects. CONCLUSION: The study results can be utilized in developing reliable instruments to measure quality of life specific to school-age children. It is proposed that a consistent and unified policy should be established by school, family, and community for the purpose of improving the QOL of school-age children.
Child* ; Consensus ; Humans ; Learning ; Leisure Activities ; Quality of Life* ; Seoul ; Child Health

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare subjective symptoms of VDT between computer-addicted and non-addicted adolescents. METHOD: A descriptive survey design was used and 646 students in one middle and two high schools were selected as participants. RESULT: The VDT subjective symptoms and degree of severity differed according to whether the students were computer-addicted or not, and in all symptoms, general, musculoskeletal, eye and mental, the mean score for subjective symptoms was higher in the addicted group than in the non-addicted group. The score for VDT subjective symptoms was highest in the addicted group for girls and students who were not healthy. The most frequent physical symptom reported by students who visited the school health room for a health problem after using the computer was headache. The most frequent type of treatment at the school health room was treatment of the symptom. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that students must acquire correct habits in computer use and be careful not to be addicted to the computer in order to avoid VDT syndrome. For this, educational authorities should develop computer-related health education programs and start the programs from the lower grades of elementary school.
Adolescent* ; Female ; Headache ; Health Education ; Humans ; School Health Services ; Child Health

Advances in neonatal care system and research have resulted in an increased survival rate among low birth weight infants in the industrialized countries. Recent Korean neonatal mortality and morbidity statistics, and current status of Korean neonatal intensive care facilities were reviewed here for the sake of future improvement and research.Morbidity statistics revealed that perinatal diseases accounted for 80% of the death of premature infants implying the possibility of its reduction by the vigorous prenatal care service in future. On the basis of extensive studies of nutritional support and growth rate of premature infants, commercial formulas for premature infants have been developed and various aspects of feeding techniques are standardized. However, problem of growth deficit of premature infants remains unsolved as medical problem. NICU specialists are challenged with the tasks of prenatal education or provision of care that minimizes the neurodevelopmental problems seen in preterm infants, various short-term outcome researches have been reported and those are reviewed here to promote research interest in the field of neonatal nursing. Systemic long-term outcome studies are also awaited in Korea for the formulation of welfare policy in future. Nursing science has to embrace all these interdisciplinary studies as their own research field in collaboration with neonatologist, nutritionist, rehabilitation therapist, social workers and teachers.
Cooperative Behavior ; Developed Countries ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Mortality ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature* ; Intensive Care, Neonatal ; Interdisciplinary Studies ; Korea ; Neonatal Nursing ; Nursing ; Nutritional Support ; Nutritionists ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Prenatal Care ; Prenatal Education ; Rehabilitation ; Social Workers ; Specialization ; Survival Rate ; Child Health

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare psychosocial adjustment in children aged 4-11 years with cancer between on and off treatment. METHOD: The data was collected from parents of children with cancer through interviews with structured questionnaire at the pediatric outpatient department and inpatient ward of one university hospital located in Seoul. The instrument were the Child Behavior Check List(CBCL) developed by Achenbach(1991) and revised to standardize for Korean children by Oh et al(1997). RESULT: Total behavior problem score for children on treatment was greater than the score off treatment but there was no significant difference. Children on treatment reported higher levels of depression/anxiety, withdrawal, internalizing scores than children off treatment. Social competence score of children off treatment was greater than the score on treatment and the difference of school performance score of children between on and off treatment was not significant. The scores on the withdrawal, somatic complaints, social immaturity, internalizing scales in the cancer group including both on and off treatment was greater than normative findings in the general population. The scores on the school competence of children off treatment were lower than the norms for healthy children. CONCLUSION: Findings from this study support the importance of nursing interventions to facilitate the adjustment of children with cancer both on and off therapy.
Child Behavior ; Child* ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Mental Competency ; Nursing ; Outpatients ; Parents ; Seoul ; Weights and Measures ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

This study was designed to investigate effects of maternal education using Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale(the following will be marked as NBAS) on the mother-infant interaction and infant behavior. The subjects of this study consisted of 48 pairs of normal mother and infant, 24 pairs for intervention group and 24 pairs for control group. The subjects were recruited from two general hospitals, and an OBGY clinic located in J city. The data were collected from July 30, 2001 to October 6, 2001. Prior to investigation and data collection, following operational hypotheses were set up in order to compare the investigative data against these operational hypotheses(H). H1: Intervention group will higher mother-infant interaction score than control group. H2: Intervention group infants will higher overall performance in infant behavior test score than control group infants. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. The mother-infant interaction score was 59.79 points in intervention group and 53.91 points in control group. The mother-infant interaction score of intervention group showed significant difference than control group. Therefore, hypothesis 1 was supported. 2. The infant behavior score of intervention group was significantly higher than control group, but partially. Therefore, hypothesis 2 was partially supported. 1) The social interaction(orientation) score was 46.58 points in intervention group and 43.50 points in control group. The orientation score of intervention group showed significant difference than control group. 2) The state regulation score was 26.79 points in intervention group and 25.33 points in control group. The state regulation score of intervention group showed significant difference than control group. In conclusion, present work demonstrated that maternal education using NBAS is an effective intervention method for promotion of mother-infant interaction and of infant behavior development. Author believes that many inexperience young mother may find NBAS-based maternal education beneficial for their nursing babies, therefore NBAS-based intervention is recommended to be adopted routinely as an integral part of neonatal nursing strategies.
Data Collection ; Education* ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Behavior* ; Infant* ; Infant, Newborn ; Mother-Child Relations* ; Mothers ; Neonatal Nursing ; Nursing ; Child Health

PURPOSE: This study is to investigate the smoking experience and its related factors among adolescence. METHOD: The subject for this study consisted of 2711 students of middle, high school located in youngam-koon, chonnam. The data were collected by an anonymous questionnaire during the period from March. 1, 2001 to June. 20, 2001. RESULT: The frequency of cigaret smoker was 8%. The frequency of smoker in the high school was higher than that of smokers at the middle school. The motivation of smoking was curiosity and solicitation by friends, and the level of smoking was on average less than 10 cigarettes a day. The 72.2% of smokers started during the middle school period. Students who smoke had more positive attitude toward smoking than students who don't smoke. There were significant differences in there knowledge about the harmful effect of smoking between nonsmoker and smoker. Most smoking students thought that nonsmoking education is necessary for adolescents, even though they don't want to quit the smoking. The frequency of smoker was different between genders. CONCLUSION: An understanding of the characteristics of smoking of adolescence may provide guidance for preventive interventions with adolescents.
Adolescent* ; Anonyms and Pseudonyms ; Education ; Exploratory Behavior ; Friends ; Humans ; Jeollanam-do ; Motivation ; Smoke* ; Smoking* ; Tobacco Products ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study was intended to present basic data of a more effective drug free education program by examining and analyzing the needs of drug and health education in the adolescent. METHOD: The study subjects were 480 students from six high schools in Pusan. The data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire between June 1 and June 10, 1999. Descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe test in SPSS program were used for data analysis. RESULT: The scoring rate of knowledge for drug abuse of the subjects was 26.8%. For the scores of knowledge according to the type of drug, cigarettes were the highest at 38.4%, and for the scores of knowledge according to items, the abuse part was 59%, also the highest. The needs of drugs and drug education for the subjects had an average of 19.59. For the score of needs according to the items, plans to maintain and improve health was 1.72, the highest, methods to control anger and stress was 1.66, toxicity of drugs was 1.51, and medicinal use of drugs was 1.44.For the characteristics of the subject and characteristics relating to drugs, and the comparison of needs of drug education, consisted of students who said they liked or disliked their school life, those who have had drug education at school, who having received drug education by various kinds of materials, all had high needs for the education. CONCLUSION: It is necessary that drug free education plans including plans to maintain and improve health on the basis of the needs of drug education for the adolescent and other contents such as the methods to control anger and stress are established. Development of various kinds of audio-visual materials, publicity booklets and educational programs for parents etc. are needed in order to make the adolescent have an interest in drug free education, and recognize its importance.
Adolescent* ; Anger ; Busan ; Education* ; Health Education ; Humans ; Pamphlets ; Parents ; Statistics as Topic ; Substance-Related Disorders ; Tobacco Products ; Child Health