No abstract available.
Animals ; Mice* ; Pancreas, Exocrine*

No abstract available.
Extracellular Space* ; Ischemia* ; Myocytes, Cardiac*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Knee Joint* ; Knee* ; Mice* ; Parturition*

No abstract available.
Concanavalin A* ; Polyethylene Glycols* ; Polyethylene*

This study was undertaken to investigate the in vivo effects of cyclophosphamide (CY) on immune cells, with a special emphasis on macrophage subpopulations in the thymus of rats. After a single dose of CY (150 mg/kg) was administered to Sprague-Dawley rats by intraperitoneal injection, the rats were sacrificed at days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28. The immunohistochemical characterization of the tissues were carried out using various monoclonal antibodies in cryostat-cut sections. CD4(+/-) and CD8(+/-) T cells were greatly decreased in number after CY treatment. However, macrophages, including the ED1(+/-) ED2(+/-) and ED3(+/-) macrophages exhibited signs of cellular activation such as an increase in number and size of cell, and an upregulation of the ED1, ED2 and ED3 reactive surface molecule expression. Contrarily, CY elicited a decrease in number of thymic dendritic cells (DCs). CY induced a conspicuous upregulation of ICAM-1 expression in the thymic cortex. Most of these features began to detectable from the first day and reached the maximun on the third and seventh days, but two weeks after CY administration, these phenomena began to disap. In conclusion, the results of the present study shed more light on the effects of CY on various subpopulations of macrophages and other types of immune cells and on ICAM-1 expression in the rat thymus.
Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Cyclophosphamide* ; Dendritic Cells ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ; Macrophages* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; T-Lymphocytes ; Thymus Gland* ; Up-Regulation

Using in situ hybridization technique with digoxigenin-labelled riboprobe, study on the expression of hsp 70 mRNA in the developing mouse brain was performed. The results obtained are as follows; 1. In embryonic day 16 group, cells with strong reactivity to hsp70 mRNA were found in spinal cord. In neuroepithelial layer lining fourth ventricle and external granular layer of cerebellum, moderate reactivity was observed. But the reactivity was weak in the forebrain including cerebral cortex, diencephalon and olfactory bulb. 2. In embryonic day 18 group, the regional pattern of hsp70 mRNA expression was similar to that of embryonic day 16 group. In medulla oblongata, however, stronger reactivity was found in the embryonic day 18 group. 3. In postnatal day 0 mice group, cells with moderate or strong reactivity to hsp70 mRNA were found in the overall area of central nervous system, Especially, cells with moderate reactivity were found in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus, and the supragranular cortical plate and subplate neocortex. 4. In postnatal day 2 mice group, cells with moderate or strong reactivity to hsp70 mRNA were found in the same pattern as in postnatal day 0 group. Further differentiation of cerebral cortex and cerebellum was found. 5. Strong expression of hsp70 mRNA was found in the areas with high rate of cell division. In general, the area of expression moved to more rostral area in central nervous system as development proceeds. Above results suggest that hsp70 play an important role in the development and differentiation of central nervous system.
Animals ; Brain* ; Cell Division ; Central Nervous System ; Cerebellum ; Cerebral Cortex ; Dentate Gyrus ; Diencephalon ; Fourth Ventricle ; Heat-Shock Proteins* ; Hippocampus ; Hot Temperature* ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins* ; In Situ Hybridization ; Medulla Oblongata ; Mice* ; Neocortex ; Olfactory Bulb ; Prosencephalon ; RNA, Messenger ; Spinal Cord

No abstract available.
Brain Stem* ; Brain* ; Serotonergic Neurons*

We conducted a chronological and comparative analysis of the levels of the electrogenic Na+/HCO3-cotransporter (eNBC) and Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1) on ischemic penumbra, using the rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). Both eNBC and NHE1 levels were significantly higher in the ischemic penumbra from 3 h to 6 h after focal ischemia than in the sham-operated control group. The enhancement of eNBC and NHE1 production following focal ischemia may contribute to brain cell swelling or damage during ischemic penumbra through intracellular alkalinization and Na+ overload. Therefore, increases of eNBC and NHE1 in ischemic penumbra may play an important role in secondary brain cell damages following permanent focal ischemic insults.
Brain ; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery* ; Ischemia ; Middle Cerebral Artery* ; Models, Animal

Industrial glues contain many kinds of organic solvents and glue sniffing by young people has become a social problem in Korea. Glue vapor may induce chronic toxicities different from those induced by exposures to the solvent of single component. We studied the effects of the inhalation of glue vapor on the primary target organ, the pulmonary epithelium of the respiratory system. Vapor samples of glue were collected for analysis; the components were acetone, n-hexane, methyl cyclopentane, c-hexane, and toluene. For the inhalation of glue vapor, experimental mice were exposed in a whole body chamber for 20 min/d for 3, 5, 7, and 14 d. Control groups were exposed to room air. Animals were euthanized and lung tissues were fixed in 10% neutral formalin for light microscopy, and in 2.5% glutaraldehyde plus 1.5% paraformaldehyde for electron microscopy. The results are as follows. 1. Alcianophilic bands were not detected in the normal alveolar epithelium, but weak alcianophilic bands were detected in bronchioles. Alcian blue-PAS and PAS positive cells were found in the mucosae of mice exposed to glue vapor for 5 and 7 d. 2. Types I and II pneumocytes and capillary endothelial cells were found in the normal alveolar epithelium. The blood-air barrier consists of Type I pneumocytes, a common basal lamina, and the capillary endothelium. 3. The alveolar epithelium of vapor-exposed mice showed more type II pneumocytes. In the longerexposed group, Type I pneumocytes and endothelial cells contained many pinocytotic vesicles. 4. The vapor-exposed lungs showed macrophages in the alveolar space, mild interstitial swelling, and increased numbers of collagenous fibers. Clearly, ultrastructural changes in pulmonary epithelia can occur following glue sniffing.
Acetone ; Adhesives ; Animals ; Basement Membrane ; Blood-Air Barrier ; Bronchioles ; Collagen ; Cyclopentanes ; Endothelial Cells ; Endothelium, Vascular ; Epithelium ; Formaldehyde ; Glutaral ; Inhalant Abuse ; Inhalation* ; Korea ; Lung* ; Macrophages ; Mice* ; Microscopy ; Microscopy, Electron ; Mucous Membrane ; Pneumocytes ; Respiratory System ; Social Problems ; Solvents ; Toluene

Chronic sublethal hypoxia induces brain adaptations associated with changes in neurovascular behavior. Changes to the neurovasculature also influence the formation of the brain-blood barrier (BBB). In this study, I investigated the influence of chronic sublethal hypoxia on astrocytes, using the coculture transwell model of primary cultured astrocytes and RBE4 (brain endothelial) cells. Using a 3D collagen gel model, cytoplasmic processes of astrocytes extended to clumps of endothelial cells. The numbers of astrocytes increased in cocultured and chronic hypoxic environments in the transwell model. Western blotting showed increased production of glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) and proliferating cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA) in chronic hypoxia. I also confirmed the influence of hypoxia on the behavior of astrocytes in this model, using confocal microscopy. The numbers of cytoplasmic processes of astrocytes within the membrane increased in z sections. These data support the idea that chronic hypoxia might induce alterations in the formation of the BBB as part of the adaptation of the brain to chronic hypoxia. These transwell and 3D collagen gel models will probably be useful for functional as well as morphological experiments.
Anoxia* ; Astrocytes* ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Blotting, Western ; Brain ; Coculture Techniques* ; Collagen ; Cytoplasm ; Endothelial Cells ; Membranes ; Microscopy, Confocal