This study was carried out to investigate air pollution by total suspended particulate(T.S.P.), benzene soluble matter and benzo(a)pyrene in Seoul city. The sampling areas were divided into commercial(Kwang Hwa Moon), industrial(Ku Ro Dong) and residential area(Shin Chon). Sampling was undertaken by High Volume Air Sampler for four seasons from January 1977 to November 1977. The T.S.P. was extracted with Soxhlet apparatus by benzene and benzo(a)pyrene was separated by column chromatography and thin layer chromatography. The concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene were measured by means of fluorophotometer, and following results were obtained. 1. Arithmetic average concentration for 1-day averaging time of total suspended particulate were 275.6 microgram/m3 in Kwang Hwa moon, 325.9 microgram/m3 in Ku Ro Dong and 193.0 microgram/m3 in Shin Chon. 2. The seasonal variance of total suspended particulate at Ku Ro Dong and Shin Chon were 102.7 microgram/m3 99.6 microgram/m3 respectively and at Kwang Hwa Moon 39.9 microgram/m3. And the concentration of autumn is higher than of that spring at Ku Ro Dong and at Shin Chon, but at Kwang Hwa Moon, the seasonal variance is very little. 3. The concentrations of 50% frequency from geometric mean for 1-day averaging time were 264 microgram/m3 and 178 microgram/m3 at Kwang Hwa Moon, Ku Ro Dong and Shin Chon. And geometric standard deviation were 1.27, 1.38 and 1.41 respectively. 4. The concentrations of benzene soluble mater were 26.9 microgram/m3 Kwang Hwa Moon, 22.7 microgram/m3 at Ku Ro Dong and 15.5 microgram/m3 at Shin Chon, and the ratios to the T.S.P. were 9.8%(range 5.6-14.8%), 7.0%(range 2.4-14.4%) and 8.0%(range 5.5-22.1%) respectively. 5. The concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene were 8.5 microgram/m3 (range 0.8-29.9 microgram/m3 ) at Kwang Hwa Moon 10.9 microgram/m3 (range 1.1-52.0 microgram/m3 ) at Ku Ro Dong and 5.8 microgram/m3 (range 1.5-11.4 microgram/m3) at Shin Chon. 6. The results of this investigation were relatively high in compared with the recommended standards of suspended particulate in air of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and observed levels of Benzo(a)-pyrene in U.S. city.
Air Pollution ; Atmosphere* ; Benzene ; Benzo(a)pyrene* ; Chromatography ; Chromatography, Thin Layer ; Seasons ; Seoul* ; United States Environmental Protection Agency

In order to investigate air pollution by heavy metals in Seoul city, the suspended particulates in the atmosphere were sampled with high volume air sampler in industrial area(Ku Ro Dong), commercial(Kwang Hwa Moon) and residential(Shin Chon Dong) from January to November, 1977. The sampled suspended particulates were digested and extracted from suspended particulates with the acidic solution by reflux-extraction technique, and were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. And Mercury was measured by mercury analyzer applying the reducing sublimation technique. Among heavy metals analyzed, the iron was identified at th highest level in the suspended particulates and the chromium was the least. Through the surveyed area, the concentration of heavy metals of the industrial area was comparatively high among others and the commercial was the second. It was detected that lead was the most concentrated in the suspended particulate of the commercial area, that might be caused of the traffic emissions. The seasonal variations were analyzed and the correlations among heavy metals and total suspended particulate were also calculated. Especially, the iron was highly correlated with total suspended particulate in all the surveyed areas.
Air Pollution ; Atmosphere* ; Chromium ; Iron ; Metals, Heavy* ; Seasons ; Seoul* ; Spectrophotometry, Atomic ; Sublimation

With the advancement of modern medicine, diabatic foot gangrene rather than acute metabolic complications are eneountered as serious problem. The diabetic gangrene, one of the angiopathic and neuropathic complications, is difficult in treatment because of wound infection and delayed healing. The authors reviewed a series of 47 cases in 40 patient of diabetic gangrene that treated in orthopedic department of Eulji General Hospitsl, Seoul, from January 1982 to December 1987. We summarized the obtained results as following. 1. The overall incidence of diabetic gangrene was 0.42%, and 77.5% of patients with gangrene were in over 50 year age group. 2. 72.5% of patients with gangrene were 5–14 years in duration of diabetes. 3. The most common predisposing factor was local pressure(45%), and the most common site of lesions was big toe(34%). 4. Bacterial infections were shown in 90% of cases, and the most common organism wasstaphylococcus(56%).5. Diabetic retinopathy was the most common associated complication and neuropathy, nephropsthy in order. 6. According to the Wagner's classification, grade 4 lesion was most common(47%). 7. There was no correlation between primary healing and the lowest palpable pulse. 8. The overall rate of primary healing was 57%.
Bacterial Infections ; Causality ; Classification ; Clinical Study ; Diabetic Foot ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; Foot ; Gangrene ; History, Modern 1601- ; Humans ; Incidence ; Orthopedics ; Seoul ; Wound Infection

Of 29 scoliotic patients treated by Harrington and Dwyer instrumentation, fourteen patients were taken of preoperative cnrrection by halo-femoral skeletal traction for the last two years from June 1974 to June 1976 at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital. The correctability of scoliosis by the use of halo-femoral traction was evaluated with roentgenogram study and the following result was obtained. 1. Of the 14 cases, five cases were male and eight were female, and they were between the age of 13 and 29. 2. The etiology of the 14 scoliosis was idiopathic in three, paralytic in eight, congenital in one, and associated with neurofibromatosis in two. 3. The average initial curve was 108 degress with the flexibility of 32.1% on side bending. 4. The average preoperative curve with halo-femoral traction for one week was 75. 1 (30.5% correction), and the end of two week was 68 (37% correction). 5. The average immediate postoperative curve was 58.5 (46.5% correction). 6. The result of traction in the different etiologic type showes no significant difference.
Female ; Humans ; Male ; Neurofibromatoses ; Orthopedics ; Pliability ; Scoliosis ; Seoul ; Traction

Osteoblastoma is a benign lesion somewhat similar to ostoid osteoma histologically but different from it clinically, roentgenologically and grossly. The autors have experienced a case of benign osteoblastoma of the neural arch of the Iumbar spine, and treated the case by total laminectomy and conflrmed with biopsy.
Biopsy ; Laminectomy ; Osteoblastoma ; Osteoma ; Spine

PURPOSE: We evaluated oncologic outcomes of chondrosarcomas and analyzed the disease-free survival rate of chondrosarcomas according to the various factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective study for the disease-free survival rate of 48 chondrosarcomas, 44 of which underwent surgical treatment and followed up more than 18 months since 1993, and in the remaining 4 cases, the patients died before 18 months after surgery. The vsariables were location, tumor volume, histologic grade, stage, age at presentation and treatment performed. The mean follow up period was 43.8 months (1-196 months). RESULTS: The overall disease-free survival rate was 77.1% at mean 43.8 month follow up. The 5 year- and 10 year disease-free survival rates were 64% and 58% respectively. The histologic grade, stage, age at presentation revealed statistical significance on disease-free survival. All 9 patients treated with extended curettage for grade 1 central chondrosarcomas revealed disease-free survival with excellent functional outcome. CONCLUSION: The disease-free survival rate of chondrosarcomas mainly depended on histologic grade, stage and age at presentation. Local recurrence and distant metastasis also revealed statistically significant differences of disease-free survival rate. Comparing to wide resection, extended curettage for low-grade central chondrosarcomas in extremities were efficient methods with similar survival rate and less functional losses and complications.
Chondrosarcoma ; Curettage ; Disease-Free Survival ; Extremities ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Tumor Burden

The purpose of this study is to confirm the effectiveness of stay-suture which is commonly used in the procedure of end to end anastomosis, to find out general biomechanical properties of peripheral nerve with gradual stretching and to evaluate the histological difference after breakage of the nerve. The sciatic nerves of adult rabbits were excised and they were grouped by I and II. Group I was composed of 14 normal sciatic nerves and group II, 14 sciatic nerves sutured with 5-0 nylon after transection. They were stretched on the "Instron" universal testing machine at a constant rate of 200mm/min until breakage took place and the results were compared. The mean maximal tensile strength was 13.6N in group I and 2.1N in group II, representing about one seventh value. The mean ultimate tensile strength was 4.2MPa in group I and 0.9MPa in group II, representing about one fifth value. In load-elongation curve of group I, viscoelastic property was noted as all other biological tissues have. The mean modulus of elasticity was 19 in normal sciatic nerves, which is somewhat lower value than other tissues, indicating superior elastic property of peripheral nerves. Transverse histologic examination showed that epineurium lost its continuity earlier than perineurium, implying perineurium is a more resistant structure than epineurium. However, to confirm this, it is thought to be necessary to examine the nerves serially during distraction at each different status. In conclusion, stay-suture provided about one fifth of ultimate tensile stress, implying its usefullness of resisting excessive tension in end to end anastomosis of peripheral nerves. Normal sciatic nerves showed viscoelastic property with mean modulus of elasticity of 19.
Adult ; Elastic Modulus ; Humans ; Nylons ; Peripheral Nerves ; Rabbits ; Sciatic Nerve ; Tensile Strength

No abstract available.
Orthopedic Procedures* ; Orthopedics*

No abstract available.
Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament* ; Spine*

Supracondylar fracture of femur is not well suited to internal fixation. A wide canal, thin cortex, comminution and compound wound make open reduction difficult. And the associated injuries, such as popliteal artery rupture are not infrequent. Some authors reported the favorable results with open reduction and rigid internal fixation. But still we have had failure cases with loosening or breakage of plate and screws, infection, post-operative joint stiffness and non-union etc. The present paper reports the result of surgically treated supracondylar fracture. From March 1982 to February 1989 25 patients who were treaed at Department of Orthopedic Surgery, St. Vincent Hospital were analysed. The results obtained as follows:l. Age distribution was between 29 and 74 years of age, and the ratio between males and females was 1.8:1. The most common of injury was traffic accident. 2. According to Neer's classification, there were 5 patients of type I, 7 patients of type II
Accidents, Traffic ; Age Distribution ; Amputation ; Classification ; Clinical Study ; Female ; Femur ; Fractures, Open ; Humans ; Joints ; Knee ; Leg ; Male ; Orthopedics ; Osteoarthritis ; Patella ; Popliteal Artery ; Rupture ; Tibia ; Wounds and Injuries