Eye globe abnormalities can be readily detected on dedicated and non-dedicated CT and MR studies. A primary understanding of the globe anatomy is key to characterising both traumatic and non-traumatic globe abnormalities. The globe consists of three primary layers: the sclera (outer), uvea (middle), and retina (inner layer). The various pathological processes involving these layers are highlighted using case examples with fundoscopic correlation where appropriate. In the emergent setting, trauma can result in hemorrhage, retinal/choroidal detachment and globe rupture. Neoplasms and inflammatory/infective processes predominantly occur in the vascular middle layer. The radiologist has an important role in primary diagnosis contributing to appropriate ophthalmology referral, thereby preventing devastating consequences such as vision loss.
Adult* ; Diagnosis ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Ophthalmology ; Pathologic Processes ; Referral and Consultation ; Retina ; Rupture ; Sclera ; Uvea

Dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) have been treated by transarterial or transvenous embolization, surgery, and radiosurgery. Besides these treatment options, the external compression technique is a non-invasive, low-cost form of treatment. This article reports that a 60-year-old man with DAVF between multiple arterial branches and transverse/sigmoid sinus was treated by repeated external manual compression method.
Arteriovenous Fistula ; Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations* ; Humans ; Methods ; Middle Aged ; Radiosurgery ; Tinnitus*

Dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) have been treated by transarterial or transvenous embolization, surgery, and radiosurgery. Besides these treatment options, the external compression technique is a non-invasive, low-cost form of treatment. This article reports that a 60-year-old man with DAVF between multiple arterial branches and transverse/sigmoid sinus was treated by repeated external manual compression method.
Arteriovenous Fistula ; Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations* ; Humans ; Methods ; Middle Aged ; Radiosurgery ; Tinnitus*

INTRODUCTIONFor occipital cortex strokes resulting in vision disorders, questions about the viability of residual visual cortex remain.

CLINICAL PICTUREIn a patient with a one-year-old, left, complete, homonymous hemianopia due to a right, posterior cerebral artery, ischaemic infarct, we assessed the visual cortex with fMRI retinotopic mapping prior to starting vision restoration therapy.

OUTCOMEThe patient was found to have residual neurovascular function and retinotopic representation in the surviving visual cortex around the infarcted area.

CONCLUSIONThe ability to respond to stimuli in part of the blind field, though not consciously perceived, suggests the potential for recovery.

Hemianopsia ; diagnosis ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neural Conduction ; physiology ; Stroke ; complications ; physiopathology ; Visual Cortex ; pathology

INTRODUCTIONThe Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial (ONTT) has established that the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings at the time of presentation of optic neuritis (ON) is the strongest indicator of the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). Reports from Singapore as well as other Asian countries have indicated that these abnormalities are less frequently encountered compared to that reported by the ONTT. This paper aims to describe systematically the brain MRI as well as the optic nerve abnormalities in patients after an episode of acute optic neuritis.

MATERIALS AND METHODSPatients who presented with acute optic neuritis were retrieved from our prospective optic neuritis study and their MRI scans were reviewed and graded in accordance with the standardised classification employed in the ONTT.

RESULTSFifteen of 24 patients had MRI brain and optic nerves performed during the acute episode. In the evaluation of brain abnormalities, 40% were classified as grade 0, 20% grade I, 20% grade II, 6.7% grade III and 13.3% grade IV. Optic nerve abnormalities were observed in 80% of cases. At study entry, 10 patients had idiopathic (monosymptomatic) ON, 3 had multiple sclerosis (MS), one each with infective and autoimmune optic neuritis, respectively. The single patient who developed MS at study completion presented with grade II brain abnormalities at the initial MRI. For those with idiopathic ON, our study revealed a higher percentage of grade 0-I brain changes as well as a lower lesion load compared to the ONTT.Lesion Load and grade was also lower in anterior optic neuritis compared with retrobulbar disease.

CONCLUSIONOur study revealed a lower percentage of grade II-IV brain MRI abnormalities as well as less lesion load in idiopathic ON compared to the ONTT. This may be related to the lower prevalence of MS in our predominantly Asian population. As diagnostic tests and understanding of neuromyelitis optica or Devic's disease improves, we may see more patients being diagnosed with this condition, which may also explain our findings. Our data also showed that MRI grade and lesion load in cases of anterior ON was lower than for retrobulbar disease. MRI in ON has an essential role in characterising the disease, evaluating for associated brain lesions, and assessing prognosis in retrobulbar disease but may be less useful in anterior disease.

Acute Disease ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Asia ; ethnology ; Brain ; abnormalities ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Medical Audit ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Sclerosis ; Optic Neuritis ; classification ; diagnosis ; ethnology ; physiopathology ; Prospective Studies ; Singapore ; Young Adult

Purpose: There is no consensus regarding adjuvant therapies following Kasai portoenterostomy (KP) for biliary atresia (BA). This study aimed to analyze the effect of extended perioperative intravenous antibiotics (PI-Abx) and adjuvant corticosteroid on cholangitis and jaundice clearance rates in the 3 years post-KP in children with BA. Methods: Data of patients who underwent KP between 1999-2018 at a single center were retrospectively analyzed. Group A (1999–2010) received PI-Abx for 5 days, Group B (2010–2012) received PI-Abx for 5 days plus low-dose prednisolone (2 mg/kg), and Group C (2012–2017) received PI-Abx for 14 days plus high-dose prednisolone (5 mg/kg). Results: Fifty-four patients were included with groups A, B, and C comprising 25, 9, and 20 patients, respectively. The number of episodes of cholangitis was 1.0, 1.6, and 1.3 per patient (p=NS) within the first year and 1.8, 2.3, and 1.7 (p=NS) over 3 years in Groups A, B, and C, respectively. The jaundice clearance rate at 6 months was 52%, 78%, and 50% (p=NS), and the 3-year native liver survival (NLS) rate was 76%, 100%, and 80% (p=NS) in Groups A, B, and C, respectively. A near-significant association was observed between the incidence of cholangitis within the first year and decompensated liver cirrhosis/death at 3 years post KP (p=0.09). Persistence of jaundice at 6 months was significantly associated with decompensated cirrhosis/death at 3 years (p<0.001). Conclusion The extended duration of PI-Abx and adjuvant corticosteroids was not associated with improved rates of cholangitis, jaundice clearance, or NLS in patients with BA.

Purpose: There is no consensus regarding adjuvant therapies following Kasai portoenterostomy (KP) for biliary atresia (BA). This study aimed to analyze the effect of extended perioperative intravenous antibiotics (PI-Abx) and adjuvant corticosteroid on cholangitis and jaundice clearance rates in the 3 years post-KP in children with BA. Methods: Data of patients who underwent KP between 1999-2018 at a single center were retrospectively analyzed. Group A (1999–2010) received PI-Abx for 5 days, Group B (2010–2012) received PI-Abx for 5 days plus low-dose prednisolone (2 mg/kg), and Group C (2012–2017) received PI-Abx for 14 days plus high-dose prednisolone (5 mg/kg). Results: Fifty-four patients were included with groups A, B, and C comprising 25, 9, and 20 patients, respectively. The number of episodes of cholangitis was 1.0, 1.6, and 1.3 per patient (p=NS) within the first year and 1.8, 2.3, and 1.7 (p=NS) over 3 years in Groups A, B, and C, respectively. The jaundice clearance rate at 6 months was 52%, 78%, and 50% (p=NS), and the 3-year native liver survival (NLS) rate was 76%, 100%, and 80% (p=NS) in Groups A, B, and C, respectively. A near-significant association was observed between the incidence of cholangitis within the first year and decompensated liver cirrhosis/death at 3 years post KP (p=0.09). Persistence of jaundice at 6 months was significantly associated with decompensated cirrhosis/death at 3 years (p<0.001). Conclusion The extended duration of PI-Abx and adjuvant corticosteroids was not associated with improved rates of cholangitis, jaundice clearance, or NLS in patients with BA.