BACKGROUND/AIMS: We aimed to determine the relationship between the safety margin of an embolized area and local tumor recurrence (LTR) of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who underwent superselective transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). METHODS: The medical records of 77 HCC patients with 109 HCC nodules who underwent superselective TACE were retrospectively analyzed for LTR. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for 16 potential factors using Cox proportional hazard regression. Iodized oil deposition on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging was divided into three grades: A=complete tumor staining and complete circumferential safety margin, B=complete tumor staining but incomplete safety margin, C=incomplete tumor staining. The effect of a safety margin on LTR was evaluated by comparison between grade A and B group. RESULTS: Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that grade A iodized oil deposition and portal vein visualization were the only two independent significant factors of LTR (P<0.001 and P=0.029, respectively). The 12- and 24-month LTR rates of tumors for grade A (n=62), grade B (n=30), and grade C (n=17) were 16% vs. 41% vs. 100% and 16% vs. 61% vs. 100%, respectively (P<0.001). The tumors in the grade A group had a 75% risk reduction in LTR (odds ratio, 0.25; 95% confidence interval, 0.10 to 0.64; P=0.004) compared to the grade B group. CONCLUSIONS: LTR was significantly lower when a greater degree of iodized oil deposition occurred with a complete circumferential safety margin. In superselective TACE, the safety margin of the embolized areas using intraprocedural CBCT affected LTR in HCC patients.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Embolization, Therapeutic ; Humans ; Iodized Oil ; Medical Records ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Portal Vein ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Reduction Behavior

OBJECTIVE: To report the results of angioplasty with paclitaxel-coated balloons for the treatment of early restenosis of central veins in hemodialysis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen patients (9 men and 7 women; mean age 65.8 ± 14.4 years; range, 40–82 years) with 16 episodes of early restenoses of central veins within 3 months (median patency duration 2.5 months) were enrolled from January 2014 to June 2015. Ten native central veins and 6 intra-stent central veins were treated with double paclitaxel-coated balloons (diameter 6–7 mm) plus a high pressure balloon (diameter 12–14 mm). The study outcomes included procedural success (< 30% residual stenosis) and primary patency of the treated lesion (< 50% angiographic stenosis without re-intervention). RESULTS: Procedural success was achieved in all 16 cases of central vein stenoses. The mean diameter of the central vein was 3.7 ± 2.4 mm before the procedure vs. 11.4 ± 1.8 mm after the initial procedure. There were no procedure-related complications. The mean diameters of the central veins at 6 months and 12 months were 7.8 ± 1.3 mm and 6.9 ± 2.7 mm, respectively. The primary patency rates at 6 months and 12 months were 93.8% and 31.2%, respectively. One patient had significant restenosis of the central vein at 3 months. The median primary patency period was 9 months for paclitaxel-coated balloons and 2.5 months for the last previous procedure with conventional balloons (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In our limited study, paclitaxel-coated balloons seem to improve the patency rate in cases of early restenosis of central veins. However, a further randomized control trial is necessary.
Angioplasty ; Angioplasty, Balloon* ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Renal Dialysis* ; Veins*