Background: Conditional survival (CS) has been established as a clinically relevant prognostic factor for cancer sur-vivors, and the CS in gallbladder (GB) cancer has not yet been fully evaluated. In this study, we evaluated the cancer-specific CS rate and cancer-specific survival (CSS) rate in patients with GB cancer at multiple time points and investi-gated prognostic factors which affect cancer-specific CS rate to provide more accurate survival information. Methods: Between 2004 and 2013, a total of 9760 patients with GB cancer were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data. The 3-year cancer-specific CS rate was calculated using the covariate-adjusted survival function in the Cox model for each year since diagnosis, and the results were analyzed together with the adjusted CSS rates at the same time points. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to ascertain the individual contribution of factors associated with CSS rate at diagnosis and cancer-specific CS rates at 1, 3, and 5 years after diagnosis. Results: The adjusted 5-year CSS rate was 26.1%. The adjusted 3-year cancer-specific CS rates at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years after diagnosis were 55.5, 72.2, 81.5, 86.8, and 90.5%, respectively. At the time of diagnosis, age, race, histology, grade, T, N, and M categories, surgery, radiotherapy, insurance status, and marriage status were significant prognostic fac-tors of CSS. Five years after diagnosis, however, T and M categories were significant prognostic factors for survivors (P = 0.007 and P = 0.009, respectively), whereas surgery and radiotherapy were not. Conclusions: T and M categories were significant prognostic factors even 5 years after the initial diagnosis, whereas local treatments at the time of diagnosis were not, suggesting that patients with GB cancer at high risks might need further adjuvant therapy after primary treatments. The combined analysis of CSS and cancer-specific CS rates offered more accurate survival information for patients who have already survived a certain period of time after diagnosis.

The cavernous sinus contains significant structures such as the internal carotid artery and cranial nerves III to VI. Cavernous sinus lesions may cause ophthalmoplegia, proptosis, and diplopia. We report a 56-year-old woman who presented with throbbing headache and associated right-sided ocular pain. While awaiting imaging studies, she suddenly developed opthalmoplegia and ptosis of the right eye. She had ipsilateral palsy of the third and fourth cranial nerves, while the sixth nerve remained intact. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a pituitary gland mass extending into the right cavernous sinus with associated sphenoid sinusitis. The patient underwent endoscopic sinus surgery and subsequent pituitary tumor removal by transsphenoidal approach. During preoperative evaluation, a mass was found protruding in her left bronchus. The pituitary tumor pathologic examination revealed metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung. In this patient, the initial symptoms of lung cancer were headache and cavernous sinus syndrome, which had metastasized to the pituitary gland.
Adenocarcinoma ; Bronchi ; Carotid Artery, Internal ; Cavernous Sinus* ; Cranial Nerves ; Diplopia ; Exophthalmos ; Female ; Headache ; Humans ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Ophthalmoplegia ; Paralysis ; Pituitary Gland ; Pituitary Neoplasms ; Sphenoid Sinus ; Sphenoid Sinusitis ; Trochlear Nerve

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcome of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) patients who underwent surgery followed by radiation therapy (RT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 106 DCIS patients who underwent surgery followed by postoperative RT between 1994 and 2006. Ninety-four patients underwent breast-conserving surgery, and mastectomy was performed in 12 patients due to extensive DCIS. Postoperative RT was delivered to whole breast with 50.4 Gy/28 fx. Tumor bed boost was offered to 7 patients (6.6%). Patients with hormonal receptor-positive tumors were treated with hormonal therapy. RESULTS: The median follow-up duration was 83.4 months (range, 33.4 to 191.5 months) and the median age was 47.8 years. Ten patients (9.4%) had resection margin <1 mm and high-grade and estrogen receptor-negative tumors were observed in 39 (36.8%) and 20 (18.9%) patients, respectively. The 7-year ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR)-free survival rate was 95.3%. Resection margin (<1 or > or =1 mm) was the significant prognostic factor for IBTR in univariate and multivariate analyses (p < 0.001 and p = 0.016, respectively). CONCLUSION: Postoperative RT for DCIS can achieve favorable treatment outcome. Resection margin was the important prognostic factor for IBTR in the DCIS patients who underwent postoperative RT.
Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Carcinoma, Ductal* ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating* ; Estrogens ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mastectomy ; Mastectomy, Segmental ; Multivariate Analysis ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Treatment Outcome*

Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is a common procedure performed in patients with chronic sinusitis. Although most of them result in excellent outcomes, some complications due to injury of nearby structures, such as the orbit or brain, may have serious consequences. Ophthalmic complications, occurring in less than 1% of all ESS cases, include orbital hematoma, diplopia, injury to the nasolacrimal duct, and in severe cases, even blindness. Here, we present a rare case in which a 49-year old female developed unilateral blepharoptosis after undergoing revision ESS.

PURPOSE: While curative resection is the only chance of cure in pancreatic cancer, controversies exist about the impact of surgical margin status on survival. Non-standardized pathologic report and different criteria on the R1 status made it difficult to implicate adjuvant therapy after resection based on the margin status. We evaluated the influence of resection margins on survival by meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We thoroughly searched electronic databases of PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library. We included studies reporting survival outcomes with different margin status: involved margin (R0 mm), margin clearance with ≤ 1 mm (R0-1 mm), and margin with > 1 mm (R>1 mm). Hazard ratio (HR) for overall survival was extracted, and a random-effects model was used for pooled analysis. RESULTS: A total of eight retrospective studies involving 1,932 patients were included. Pooled HR for overall survival showed that patients with R>1 mm had reduced risk of death than those with R0-1 mm (HR, 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61 to 0.88; p=0.001). In addition, patients with R0-1 mm had reduced risk of death than those with R0 mm (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.72 to 0.91; p < 0.001). There was no heterogeneity between the included studies (I2 index, 42% and 0%; p=0.10 and p=0.82, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that stratification of the patients based on margin status is warranted in the clinical trials assessing the role of adjuvant treatment for pancreatic cancer.
Humans ; Pancreatic Neoplasms* ; Population Characteristics ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: While curative resection is the only chance of cure in pancreatic cancer, controversies exist about the impact of surgical margin status on survival. Non-standardized pathologic report and different criteria on the R1 status made it difficult to implicate adjuvant therapy after resection based on the margin status. We evaluated the influence of resection margins on survival by meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We thoroughly searched electronic databases of PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library. We included studies reporting survival outcomes with different margin status: involved margin (R0 mm), margin clearance with ≤ 1 mm (R0-1 mm), and margin with > 1 mm (R>1 mm). Hazard ratio (HR) for overall survival was extracted, and a random-effects model was used for pooled analysis. RESULTS: A total of eight retrospective studies involving 1,932 patients were included. Pooled HR for overall survival showed that patients with R>1 mm had reduced risk of death than those with R0-1 mm (HR, 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61 to 0.88; p=0.001). In addition, patients with R0-1 mm had reduced risk of death than those with R0 mm (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.72 to 0.91; p < 0.001). There was no heterogeneity between the included studies (I2 index, 42% and 0%; p=0.10 and p=0.82, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that stratification of the patients based on margin status is warranted in the clinical trials assessing the role of adjuvant treatment for pancreatic cancer.
Humans ; Pancreatic Neoplasms* ; Population Characteristics ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: Few studies for occult breast cancer (OBC) have evaluated the effect of radiotherapy (RT) after mastectomy or axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) with/without breast surgery. Therefore, we investigated clinicopathologic factors of OBC with the impact of postoperative RT to determine its prognostic significance using large population-based data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database from 1983 to 2013. A total of 1,045 eligible patients with OBC were identified. We compared overall survival (OS) using Cox proportional hazards regression with propensity score matching after verifying an imbalance of prognosticators between RT group (n=518) and non-RT group (n=479). RESULTS: Patients with age < 70 (p=0.033), married marital status (p < 0.001), undergoing ALND (p < 0.001), more examined lymph nodes (LNs) (p < 0.001), and more metastatic LNs (p < 0.001) were more likely to receive RT. Multivariate analysis after propensity score matching (n=798) showed that patients treated with RT survived significantly longer than those without RT (5-year OS, 81.5% vs. 78.3%; p=0.014). A significantly prolonged OS was observed when RT was given to patients treated with mastectomy (p=0.033), those treated with ALND (p=0.036), or those with more than seven metastatic LNs (p=0.016). CONCLUSION: RT may offer survival benefit in OBC even after mastectomy or ALND, especially in patients with more than seven metastatic LNs. Further prospective studies are needed to validate these findings.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Cohort Studies ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes ; Marital Status ; Mastectomy ; Multivariate Analysis ; Propensity Score ; Prospective Studies ; Radiotherapy* ; Retrospective Studies ; SEER Program

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the non-inferiority of omitting radiotherapy (RT) after breast-conserving surgery (BCS) for hormone receptor (HR)‒positive T1N0 breast cancer in elderly women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2004 to 2014, HR-positive T1N0 breast cancer patients aged 50 years or older and receiving BCS were retrieved from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End RESULTS: 18 database. After propensity score matching between the no-RT and RT groups, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Identified prognostic factors were used to stratify the risk groups. In each risk group, 10-year cancer-specific survival (CSS) rates were compared between the no-RT and RT groups. RESULTS: After propensity score matching, the numbers of patients in the no-RT and RT groups were both 18,586. For patients who satisfied both a tumor size of 1-10 mm and a tumor grade of 1-2, omitting RT did not decrease the CSS rate at any age group, ranging from ≥ 50 to ≥ 85 years; for patients aged ≥ 50 years, the 10-year CSS rates in the no-RT and RT groups were 97.2% and 96.8%, respectively (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.862; p=0.312). However, for patients with a tumor size of 11-20 mm or tumor grade of 3-4, RT significantly increased the CSS rate irrespective of age. CONCLUSION: RT after BCS for HR-positive T1N0 breast cancer in elderly women might be omitted without causing a decrease in the CSS rate, but only in patients who satisfy both a small tumor size (≤ 10 mm) and low tumor grade (1-2).
Aged ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Mastectomy, Segmental ; Multivariate Analysis ; Propensity Score* ; Radiotherapy ; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant* ; Receptors, Estrogen ; Receptors, Progesterone

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the displacement of surgical clips in the excisioncavity during whole breast irradiation following breast-conserving surgery (BCS) with or withoutacellular dermal matrix (ADM) insertion, and to analyze clinicopathologic factors associatedwith the displacement of surgical clips. Materials and Methods: From 2016 to 2017, 100 consecutive breast cancer patients who underwent BCS with theplacement of surgical clips (superior, inferior, medial, lateral, and deep sides) in the tumorbed were included in this study. All patients took first planning computed tomography (CT)scan (CT 1) before whole breast irradiation and second CT scan (CT 2) before boost irradiation.Between two sets of planning CT, the displacement of surgical clips was calculatedfrom the !X (lateral–medial), !Y (anterior–posterior), !Z (superior–inferior), and threedimensional(3D) directions. Patients were divided into two groups according to the breastvolume replacement with ADM: group A with ADM and group B without ADM. Results: The means and 1 standard deviations of 3D displacement for superior, inferior, medial, lateraland deep clips were 5.2±2.9, 5.2±3.2, 5.6±4.5, 5.6±4.3, and 4.9±4.9 mm in entirecohort (n=100); 5.6±2.6, 6.0±3.5, 6.7±5.8, 6.7±5.7, and 6.1±7.4 mm in group A (n=38);4.9±3.1, 4.8±3.0, 5.0±3.5, 5.0±2.9, and 4.3±2.8 mm in group B (n=62), respectively. The3D displacements of group A were longer than those of group B, but only significant differencewas observed in lateral clip (p=0.047). Conclusion This study demonstrated displacement of surgical clips during whole breast irradiation inpatients with ADM insertion. For patients who had breast volume replacement using ADM,adaptive boost planning should be considered.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Recently, Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was found to induce MUC5AC production via an agonist of E-prostanoid (EP2/EP4), but not EP1/EP3, in normal human airway epithelium. However, the receptor that mediates MUC5AC has not been determined. This study was aimed to investigate the MUC5AC mucin gene and mucin secretion by PGE2 and its receptors in cultured normal human nasal epithelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHOD: After treatment with PGE2 and/or PGE2 antagonist, gel-forming mucin mRNA expression was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Total mucin and MUC5AC mucin levels were measured using an immuno-dot blotting assay. RESULTS: PGE2 increased the MUC5AC gene expressions and MUC5AC mucin, but not the expressions of other gel-forming mucin genes. An EP2 receptor antagonist (AH6809) did not suppress the PGE2-induced MUC5AC gene expression or MUC5AC mucin. However, an EP4 receptor antagonist (AH23848) significantly suppressed the level of PGE2-induced MUC5AC gene expression and MUC5AC mucin. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that PGE2 induces MUC5AC gene expression and mucin secretion via EP4 receptor in cultured normal human nasal epithelial cells.
Dinoprostone* ; Epithelial Cells* ; Epithelium ; Gene Expression ; Humans* ; Mucins* ; Receptors, Prostaglandin ; RNA, Messenger