Background: White matter hyperintensity (WMH) is a risk factor for dementia and ischemic stroke. The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is a simple and cost-effective marker for the prediction of various vascular diseases. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between AIP and WMH in adults without cerebrovascular accidents. Methods: We analyzed the data of 281 adults, aged ≥26 years, who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at the health promotion center of an education hospital between January 2014 and December 2018. Participants were divided into three categories according to tertiles of the AIP scores (T1: <0.20; T2: 0.20–0.48; and T3: >0.48). WMH was defined as a modified Fazekas scale score of 1–3 on brain MRI. A cubic spline curve was used to determine the linearity of the relationship between AIP and WMH. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between the AIP and WMH. Results: The prevalence of WMH was 45.7% in T1, 57.0% in T2, and 66.0% in T3 (T3 vs. T1, P for post-hoc analysis=0.005). The increased odds of WMH were associated with increased AIP. The odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) for WMH of T2 and T3 compared with T1 were 1.57 (0.88–2.80) and 2.30 (1.28–4.14), respectively. After adjusting for confounding variables, the OR with a 95% CI for WMH in the T2 and T3 groups vs. the referent T1 were 1.55 (0.76–3.13) and 2.27 (1.06–4.84), respectively. Conclusion AIP is independently and positively associated with WMH in a healthy population.

PURPOSE: Nowadays, drinks, foods and snacks have frequently been intensified with calcium and the insights into the importance of calcium-intake in general has developed in Korea. In this decade, we found the numbers of children who was visited to our hospital for evaluation of hematuria defined with hypercalciuria were increased. So we tried to compare the mean levels of serum calcium, alkaline phosphate, sodium, potassium, chloride, BUN, creatinine, bicarbonate and urinary pH who visited our hospital in 1991, 1992 with in 2000, 2001. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 1991 to December 1992, and between January 2000 to December 2001, each 366 children and 488 children, aged 1 month to 15 years, who presented in our hospital for tonsilectomy and adenoidectomy or for inguinal herniorrhaphy were enrolled in the study. The children in the study were checked the level of serum calcium, alkaline phosphate, sodium, potassium, chloride, BUN, creatinine, bicarbonate and urinary pH with the machine which was corrected the similar levels of practical chemical levels in serum. We compared each mean levels in 1991s' group with in 2001s' group totally and separately through the age and sex. We used t-test to analysis data. RESULTS: The levels of serum calcium, alkaline phosphate, creatinine, sodium, potassium, and urinary pH of 2001s' group were significantly higher than the levels of 1991s' group(P<0.05). The each level was 9.91+/-0.50 mg/dL, 248.58+/-94.98 U/L, 0.61+/-0.14 mg/dL, 138.64+/-2.22 mM/L, 4.35+/-0.40 mM/L, 6.18+/-0.86 in 2001s' and 9.13+/-0.68 mg/dL, 198.26+/-79.34 U/L, 0.433+/-0.18 mg/dL, 137.86+/-2.67 mM/L, 4.22+/-0.36 mM/L, 5.83+/-0.95 in 1991s'. And the levels of serum bicarbonate, 23.64+/-2.57 mM/L in 2001s' was significantly lower than the 1991s', 24.60+/-2.23 mM/L (P<0.05). The similar results were detected each age and sex group. CONCLUSION: The levels of serum calcium increase in this decade. The results will be used as a basic data for the national health plan in the years to come.
Adenoidectomy ; Calcium* ; Child ; Creatinine ; Gangwon-do* ; Hematuria ; Herniorrhaphy ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hypercalciuria ; Korea* ; Potassium ; Snacks ; Sodium

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was conducted to investigate the mean nRBC count in very low births weight infants (VLBWIs) and to determine the usefulness of the nRBC as an independent prognostic factors of perinatal complications in VLBWIs. METHODS: This study was conducted on 112 VLBWIs who were hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of the author's hospital within the period from March 2003 to and May 2008. Based on the infants' nucleated red blood cells (nRBC) counts at birth, on the third day after birth, on the seventh day after birth, in the second week after birth, and in the fourth week after birth in the medical records, the correlation between nRBC or absolute nRBC counts with birth weight, gestational age, and other perinatal outcomes were retrospectively investigated. RESULTS: In VLBWIs, their mean nRBC and absolute nRBC counts were showing a gradual decrease after birth, and they were consisteantly kept at low values since one week after and inversely proportional to the birth weights. The mean nRBC counts based on the stage after birth showed a significant correlation with perinatal death, necrotizing enterocolitis, and severe intraventricular hemorrhage. CONCLUSION: The increase in the nRBC count showed a significant correlation with having a severe intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, and perinatal death in VLBWIs. If an increase or no decrease in the nRBC count after birth is observed, newborn-infant care precautions should be required.
Birth Weight ; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ; Erythrocytes ; Gestational Age ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight ; Intensive Care, Neonatal ; Medical Records ; Parturition ; Prognosis ; Reference Values ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical usefulness of the Schedule for Oral-Motor Assessment (SOMA) in children with dysphagia by comparing findings of SOMA with those of the videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS). METHOD: Both SOMA and VFSS were performed in 33 children with dysphagia (21 boys and 12 girls; mean age 17.3+/-12.1 months) who were referred for oropharyngeal evaluation. Ratings of oral-motor functions indicated by SOMA were based upon the cutting score of each specific texture of food (puree, semi-solids, solids, cracker, liquid-bottle, and liquid-cup). Abnormalities of either the oral phase, or the pharyngeal phase as indicated by VFSS were assessed by a physician and a speech-language pathologist. RESULTS: There was significant consistency between the findings of SOMA and the oral phase evaluation by VFSS (Kappa=0.419, p=0.023). SOMA reached 87.5% sensitivity, 66.6% specificity, and 95.4% positive predictive value when compared with the oral phase of the VFSS. We were able to evaluate oral-motor function by using SOMA in 6 children who were unable to complete the oral phase evaluation by VFSS, due to fear and crying during the study. The findings of SOMA failed to show any consistency with the pharyngeal phase evaluation by VFSS (Kappa=-0.105, p=0.509). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that SOMA is a reliable method for evaluation of oral-motor function in children with dysphagia. In particular, SOMA is recommended for children that were unable to complete the oral phase evaluation by VFSS due to poor cooperation.
Appointments and Schedules ; Carisoprodol ; Child ; Crying ; Deglutition ; Deglutition Disorders ; Humans ; Sensitivity and Specificity

OBJECTIVE: Posterior arthrodesis in atlantoaxial instability has been performed using various posterior C1-2 wiring techniques. Recently, transarticular screw fixation (TASF) technique was introduced to achieve significant immediate stability of the C1-2 joint complex. The purpose of this study is to assess the clinical outcomes associated with posterior C1-2 TASF for the patient of atlantoaxial instability. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed data obtained from 17 patients who underwent C1-2 TASF and supplemented Posterior wiring technique (PWT) with graft between 1994 and 2005. There were 8 men and 9 women with a mean age of 43.5 years (range, 12-65 years). An average follow-up was 26 months (range, 15-108 months). RESULTS: Successful fusions were achieved in 16 of 17 (94%). The pain was improved markedly (3 patients) or resolved completely (14 patients). There was no case of neurological deterioration, hypoglossal nerve injury, or vertebral artery injury. Progression of spinal deformity, screw pullout or breakage, and neurological or vascular complications did not occur. CONCLUSION: The C1-2 TASF with supplemental wiring provided a high fusion rate. Our result demonstrates that C1-2 TASF supplemented by PWT is a safe and effective procedure for atlantoaxial instability. Preoperative evaluation and planning is mandatory for optimal safety.
Arthrodesis ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hypoglossal Nerve Injuries ; Joints ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Transplants ; Vertebral Artery

OBJECTIVE: Posterior arthrodesis in atlantoaxial instability has been performed using various posterior C1-2 wiring techniques. Recently, transarticular screw fixation (TASF) technique was introduced to achieve significant immediate stability of the C1-2 joint complex. The purpose of this study is to assess the clinical outcomes associated with posterior C1-2 TASF for the patient of atlantoaxial instability. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed data obtained from 17 patients who underwent C1-2 TASF and supplemented Posterior wiring technique (PWT) with graft between 1994 and 2005. There were 8 men and 9 women with a mean age of 43.5 years (range, 12-65 years). An average follow-up was 26 months (range, 15-108 months). RESULTS: Successful fusions were achieved in 16 of 17 (94%). The pain was improved markedly (3 patients) or resolved completely (14 patients). There was no case of neurological deterioration, hypoglossal nerve injury, or vertebral artery injury. Progression of spinal deformity, screw pullout or breakage, and neurological or vascular complications did not occur. CONCLUSION: The C1-2 TASF with supplemental wiring provided a high fusion rate. Our result demonstrates that C1-2 TASF supplemented by PWT is a safe and effective procedure for atlantoaxial instability. Preoperative evaluation and planning is mandatory for optimal safety.
Arthrodesis ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hypoglossal Nerve Injuries ; Joints ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Transplants ; Vertebral Artery

PURPOSE: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs frequently in patients with facial injuries. In patients with facial injuries without neurologic deficit, it is a challenging decision for emergency physicians whether brain computed tomography (CT) is necessary or not. Our objective is to evaluate the availability of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measured by facial CT in predicting TBI. METHODS: From January, 2010, to December, 2012, we conducted a retrospective study of patients with head or facial injuries who underwent both facial CT and brain CT simultaneously in the emergency department. Patients with obvious orbital trauma or ocular disease were excluded. We analyzed correlation between ONSD measured by facial CT and the brain CT findings of TBI. RESULTS: A total of 229 patients were enrolled. Ninety six patients without TBI on facial CT showed mean ONSD of 5.11+/-0.44 mm, and 82 patients with TBI showed mean ONSD of 5.89+/-0.78 mm. The sensitivity and the specificity compared with the presence of TBI findings on brain CT were 78.05% and 82.29%, respectively, when the cut-off value was set to 5.5 mm. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.826 in the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve). CONCLUSION: ONSD measured on facial CT is available for predicting TBI in patients with facial injuries.
Brain ; Brain Injuries* ; Emergencies ; Emergency Service, Hospital* ; Facial Injuries ; Head ; Humans ; Intracranial Hypertension ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Optic Nerve* ; Orbit ; Retrospective Studies ; ROC Curve ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

PURPOSE: Abdominal pain is one of most common complaints in children who visit emergency department (ED), but sometimes it is very difficult in differential diagnosis between medical and surgical disease. This study was performed to collect and analysis of diagnositic scores of children with abdominal pain who could not definitely diagnosed as medical or surgical disease in ED. METHODS: This study reviewed 201 children who were visited for abdominal pain in ED at a tertiary hospital from January 2005 to June 2005. We reviewed the medical records and analysed clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, and radiologic findings retrospectively. We analyzed the diagnostic scores between medical and surgical disease group. RESULTS: The number of medical disease are 125 patients, and the number of surgical disease are 76 patients. Significant predictable factors for surgical diseases are right quadrant pain, vomiting, tenderness, rebound tenderness, leukocytosis and diagnostic score. The mean diagnostic score of medical diseases is 4.55+/-4.10 (mean+/-SD) and the mean score of surgical diseases is 16.22+/-3.48(mean +/-SD). CONCLUSION: For the diagnosis of children with abdominal pain which is uncertain either medical or surgical disease in ED, the diagnostic scores, careful observation and physical examination repeatedly are helpful for correct diagnosis and prompt treatment.
Abdominal Pain* ; Child* ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Emergencies* ; Emergency Service, Hospital* ; Humans ; Leukocytosis ; Medical Records ; Physical Examination ; Retrospective Studies ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Vomiting

OBJECTIVE: Burr hole drainage has been widely used to treat chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH). However, the incidence of recurrent CSDH varies from 3.7 to 30% after surgery. The authors attempted to elucidate the risk factors associated with the recurrence of CSDH in one burr hole drainage technique. METHODS: A total of 255 consecutive cases who underwent one burr hole drainage for CSDH were included in this study. Twenty-four patients (9.4%) underwent a repeated operation because of the recurrence of CSDH. We analyzed retrospectively the demographic, clinical and radiologic factors associated with the recurrence of CSDH. RESULTS: In this study, two risk factors were found to be independently associated with the recurrence of CSDH. The incidence of CSDH recurrence in the high- and mixed-density groups was significantly higher than those in the low- and iso-density groups (p<0.001). Bleeding tendency such as in leukemia, liver disease and chronic renal failure was also significantly associated with recurrence of CSDH (p=0.037). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that high- and mixed-density shown on computed tomographic scan was closely relates with a high incidence of recurrence. Therefore, the operation could be delayed in those cases unless severe symptoms or signs are present. Reoperation using the previous burr hole site is a preferred modality to treat the recurrent CSDH.
Drainage ; Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Incidence ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Leukemia ; Liver Diseases ; Recurrence ; Reoperation ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors

Purpose: We investigated the current status of imaging studies for pediatric blunt cervical spine injury, and applied 3 clinical decision rules to children with blunt trauma of the head or neck in a pediatric emergency center in Korea. The rules included National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study (NEXUS) criteria, Canadian Cervical Spine Rule, and Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network risk factors. Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted on 399 children aged 15 years or younger who visited the center after the blunt trauma, and underwent cervical spine radiographs from January 2020 through December 2021. We examined the clinical characteristics per age groups (0-1, 2-5, 6-12, and 13-15 years). Using the 3 rules, we selected children with a potential need for imaging studies (PNI). For this purpose, we analyzed the absence of low-risk variables and the presence of high-risk variables. Predictive performances of the rules were measured for the imaging-confirmed cervical spine injury. Results: The study population (n = 399) had a median age of 5.0 years (interquartile range, 2.0-9.0) and a 64.2% boys’ proportion. Fall (36.6%) was the most common injury mechanism. Two children had the cervical spine injuries. As per NEXUS criteria, Canadian Cervical Spine Rule, and Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network risk factors, 72 (18.0%), 289 (72.4%), and 74 children (18.5%) were classified as those with PNI, respectively. Resultantly, 291 children (72.9%) were classified as having PNI whereas the other 108 (27.1%) were deemed to undergo unnecessary imaging. The 3 rules had nearly 100% sensitivity and negative predictive value, except a 50% sensitivity of NEXUS criteria. Conclusion Imaging studies can be minimized for children with blunt trauma of the head or neck who are deemed without PNI per the 3 current clinical decision rules. More elaborate criteria are needed to make a timely diagnosis.