During the period from June 1st 1971 to November 30th 1971, studies on air polluton were made in Kwangju city. The city was divided into 6 areas : the downtown ares, the simi-downtown area, the heavy traffic area, the commercial area, the residential area, the park area, 13 surveying sites were selected each representing the characteristics of the area. The Measurement methods which were used are described below. Sulfur oxides were measured by PbO2 cylinder method, sulfur dioxides (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) by the MSA & Kitakwa detector, dustfall by the Deposit gauge method, and the noise levels by the Kanomax sound level meter. The results obtained are as follows : 1. The mean value of sulfur oxides in Kwangju city was 1.16 mg SO3/day/100cm2 PbO2, ranging from 0.45mg SO3/day/100cm2 PbO2 to 3.10mg SO3/day/100cm2 PbO2. 2. The mean value of sulfur oxides according to its specific area in the city were 1.45mg SO3/day/100cm2 PbO2 in heavy traffic area, 1.36 in downtown area, 1.23 in semi-downtown area, 1.11 in commercial area, 0.96 in residential area, and 1.07 in park area, respectively. 3. The average concentration of sulfur dioxide was 0.063 ppm from 2 to 5 P.M in Kwangju city. 4. The average concentration of sulfur dioxides according to its specific area, from 2 to 5 P.M, in the city were 0.084 ppm in heavy traffic area & downtown area, 0.067 in commercial area, 0.053 in semi-downtown area, 0.052 in residential area, and 0.036 in park area. 5. The average concentration of carbon monoxide was 22.3 ppm from 2 to 5 P.M in Kwangju city. 6. The average concentration of carbon monoxide according to its specific area, from 2 to 5 P.M, in the city were 27.0ppm in downtown traffic area, 26.3 in semi-downtown area, 23.0 in heavy traffic area, 21.7 in commercial area, 20.0 in residential area, and 17.6 in park area. 7. The mean value of dustfall in Kwangju city was 29.28 ton/Km2/month, ranging from 9.85 ton/Km2/month to 66.34 ton/Km2/month. 8. The mean values of dustfall according to its specific area in the city were 50.37 ton/Km2/month in semi-downtown area, 42.76 in heavy traffic area, 34.67 in downtown area, 17.77 in commercial area, 14.40 in park area, and 14.76 .in residential area. 9. The mean value of the soluble dust in Kwangju city was 10.23 ton/Km2/month and that of the insoluble dust was 19.05 ton/Km2/month. 10. The mean values of noise level in Kwangju city was 62 phon, ranging from 37phon to 88 phon. 11. The mean values of noise level according to its specific area in the city were 76 phon in heavy traffic area, 67 in semi-downtown area, 64 in downtown area, 59 in commercial area, 52 in part area, and 50 in residential area.
Air Pollution* ; Carbon Monoxide ; Dust ; Gwangju* ; Noise* ; Sulfur ; Sulfur Dioxide ; Sulfur Oxides

During the period from June 1st 1971 to November 30th 1971, studies on air polluton were made in Kwangju city. The city was divided into 6 areas : the downtown ares, the simi-downtown area, the heavy traffic area, the commercial area, the residential area, the park area, 13 surveying sites were selected each representing the characteristics of the area. The Measurement methods which were used are described below. Sulfur oxides were measured by PbO2 cylinder method, sulfur dioxides (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) by the MSA & Kitakwa detector, dustfall by the Deposit gauge method, and the noise levels by the Kanomax sound level meter. The results obtained are as follows : 1. The mean value of sulfur oxides in Kwangju city was 1.16 mg SO3/day/100cm2 PbO2, ranging from 0.45mg SO3/day/100cm2 PbO2 to 3.10mg SO3/day/100cm2 PbO2. 2. The mean value of sulfur oxides according to its specific area in the city were 1.45mg SO3/day/100cm2 PbO2 in heavy traffic area, 1.36 in downtown area, 1.23 in semi-downtown area, 1.11 in commercial area, 0.96 in residential area, and 1.07 in park area, respectively. 3. The average concentration of sulfur dioxide was 0.063 ppm from 2 to 5 P.M in Kwangju city. 4. The average concentration of sulfur dioxides according to its specific area, from 2 to 5 P.M, in the city were 0.084 ppm in heavy traffic area & downtown area, 0.067 in commercial area, 0.053 in semi-downtown area, 0.052 in residential area, and 0.036 in park area. 5. The average concentration of carbon monoxide was 22.3 ppm from 2 to 5 P.M in Kwangju city. 6. The average concentration of carbon monoxide according to its specific area, from 2 to 5 P.M, in the city were 27.0ppm in downtown traffic area, 26.3 in semi-downtown area, 23.0 in heavy traffic area, 21.7 in commercial area, 20.0 in residential area, and 17.6 in park area. 7. The mean value of dustfall in Kwangju city was 29.28 ton/Km2/month, ranging from 9.85 ton/Km2/month to 66.34 ton/Km2/month. 8. The mean values of dustfall according to its specific area in the city were 50.37 ton/Km2/month in semi-downtown area, 42.76 in heavy traffic area, 34.67 in downtown area, 17.77 in commercial area, 14.40 in park area, and 14.76 .in residential area. 9. The mean value of the soluble dust in Kwangju city was 10.23 ton/Km2/month and that of the insoluble dust was 19.05 ton/Km2/month. 10. The mean values of noise level in Kwangju city was 62 phon, ranging from 37phon to 88 phon. 11. The mean values of noise level according to its specific area in the city were 76 phon in heavy traffic area, 67 in semi-downtown area, 64 in downtown area, 59 in commercial area, 52 in part area, and 50 in residential area.
Air Pollution* ; Carbon Monoxide ; Dust ; Gwangju* ; Noise* ; Sulfur ; Sulfur Dioxide ; Sulfur Oxides

OBJECTIVES: There have been several studies documenting the changing level of the conus throughout infancy and childhood, but there is only a little detailed study that documents the range of conus positions in a living adult population, especially in Korean, without spinal deformity. METHODS: we made a sequential study of magnetic resonance images of the lumbar spine to determine the variation in position of the conus medullaris in 650 living korean adults population without spinal deformity who checked MRI to identify the cause of low back pain. The study population consisted of patients over the age of 16 years. A T1-weighted, midline, sagittal image was reviewed for identifying the postion of conus. This location was recorded in relation to the upper, middle, or lower third of the adjacent vertebral body or the adjacent intervertebral disc. RESULTS: The study group consisted of 305 men(47%) and 345 women(53%) with a mean age 45.9 years(range, 16-79 years). The conus existed commonly at the middle third of L1(131cases, 20.2%), at the L1-2 intervertebral space(129cases, 19.8%), and the lower third of L1(123cases, 18.9%). The mean position of conus was the lower third of L1(range, middle third of T12 to middle third of L3). Conclusions:The mean position of conus was at the lower third of L1(range, middle third of T12 to middle third of L3). This results was same as that of foreign study. Our results of living korean adult population could allow for safe clinical procedures such as lumbar puncture, spinal anesthesia, and help to explain the differences among observed neurologic injuries from fracture-dislocation at the thoracolumbar junction.
Adult* ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Conus Snail* ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc ; Low Back Pain ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Spinal Puncture ; Spine

The incidence of vertebral artery injury during the anterior approach to the cervical spine is rare, but potentially lethal. The authors describe two cases of vertebral artery injury during anterior cervical decompression surgery. In the first case, infection was the cause of the vertebral artery injury. During aggressive irrigation and pus drainage, massive bleeding was encountered, and intraoperative direct packing with hemostatic agents provided effective control of hemorrhage. Ten days after surgery, sudden neck swelling and mental deterioration occurred because of rebleeding from a pseudoaneurysm. In the second case, the vertebral artery was injured during decompression of cervical spondylosis while drilling the neural foramen. After intraoperative control of bleeding, the patient was referred to our hospital, and a pseudoaneurysm was detected by angiography four days after surgery. Both pseudoaneurysms were successfully occluded by an endovascular technique without any neurological sequelae. Urgent vertebral angiography, following intraoperative control of bleeding by hemostatic compression in cases of vertebral artery injury during anterior cervical decompression, should be performed to avoid life-threatening complications. Prompt recognition of pseudoaneurysm is mandatory, and endovascular treatment can be life saving.
Aneurysm, False ; Angiography ; Decompression ; Drainage ; Endovascular Procedures ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Incidence ; Neck ; Spine* ; Spondylosis ; Suppuration ; Vertebral Artery*

No abstract available.
Antibodies* ; Egg Yolk* ; Humans* ; Ovum* ; Rotavirus*

INTRODUCTION: Several methods, including loss of eye lash (eyelash) reflex and loss of verbal contact, have heen used as criteria for estimating the optimal hypnosis for anesthesia induction. However, these methods are too objective. We examined the hypnotic dose response of etomidate, using a bispectral index as a more subjective criterion for anesthesia induction. METHODS: Fourty-Five ASA I or II adult patients scheduled for elective orthopedic surgery were randomly allocated to three groups according to induction dose of etomidate. They were Group 1: 0.1 mg/kg ; Group 2: 0.15 mg/kg; Group 3: 0.2 mg/kg (n = 15 for each group), respectively. Etomidate diluted as 10 ml in a syringe injected through an 18G forearm intravenous catheter, using a syringe pump at the rate of 20 ml/min. Observer's Assessment of Alertness/sedation (OAA/S) scale of 1 was considered optimal for hypnosis. Bispectral index, OAA/S scale, and vital signs were checked every minute until spontaneous eye opening after end of drug infusion. Also, the correlation coefficient between BIS and OAA/S scale was checked for evaluating the bispectral index; this was a useful tool for estimating the degree of hypnosis. RESULTS: BIS and OAA/S showed their lowest scores around 60 sec. after the etomidate injection, which was very different from time to peak effect known to be the 2 min. The correlation coefficient (r) between BIS and OAA/S was 0.84 on average, suggesting the BIS as an good subjective indicator of optimal hypnosis for anesthesia induction. Vital signs were stable in all groups. Hypnotic ED50 and ED95 were 0.12 and 0.19 mg/kg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Bispectral index can be a useful tool for estimating the optimal hypnosis for anesthesia induction. Hypnotic ED50 of etomidate was 0.12 mg/kg.
Adult ; Anesthesia* ; Catheters ; Etomidate* ; Forearm ; Humans ; Hypnosis ; Orthopedics ; Reflex ; Syringes ; Vital Signs

INTRODUCTION: Several methods, including loss of eye lash (eyelash) reflex and loss of verbal contact, have heen used as criteria for estimating the optimal hypnosis for anesthesia induction. However, these methods are too objective. We examined the hypnotic dose response of etomidate, using a bispectral index as a more subjective criterion for anesthesia induction. METHODS: Fourty-Five ASA I or II adult patients scheduled for elective orthopedic surgery were randomly allocated to three groups according to induction dose of etomidate. They were Group 1: 0.1 mg/kg ; Group 2: 0.15 mg/kg; Group 3: 0.2 mg/kg (n = 15 for each group), respectively. Etomidate diluted as 10 ml in a syringe injected through an 18G forearm intravenous catheter, using a syringe pump at the rate of 20 ml/min. Observer's Assessment of Alertness/sedation (OAA/S) scale of 1 was considered optimal for hypnosis. Bispectral index, OAA/S scale, and vital signs were checked every minute until spontaneous eye opening after end of drug infusion. Also, the correlation coefficient between BIS and OAA/S scale was checked for evaluating the bispectral index; this was a useful tool for estimating the degree of hypnosis. RESULTS: BIS and OAA/S showed their lowest scores around 60 sec. after the etomidate injection, which was very different from time to peak effect known to be the 2 min. The correlation coefficient (r) between BIS and OAA/S was 0.84 on average, suggesting the BIS as an good subjective indicator of optimal hypnosis for anesthesia induction. Vital signs were stable in all groups. Hypnotic ED50 and ED95 were 0.12 and 0.19 mg/kg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Bispectral index can be a useful tool for estimating the optimal hypnosis for anesthesia induction. Hypnotic ED50 of etomidate was 0.12 mg/kg.
Adult ; Anesthesia* ; Catheters ; Etomidate* ; Forearm ; Humans ; Hypnosis ; Orthopedics ; Reflex ; Syringes ; Vital Signs

Gastric antral vascular ectasia ("watermelon stomach") is characterized by a prominent longitudinalerythematous fold of gastric antrum. Because it has usually been diagnosed by gastroscopy and biopsy, itsradiologic findings have not been well described. We report a case of gastric antral vascular ectasia, anddescribe its findings, as seen on UGIS, ultrasonography, and computed tomography.
Biopsy ; Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia* ; Gastroscopy ; Pyloric Antrum ; Stomach ; Ultrasonography

Pregnancy-related osteoporosis is a very rare condition characterized by the occurrence of fracture during pregnancy or the puerperium. Despite its relative rarity, it can be a dangerous condition that causes severe back pain, height loss and disability. Normal physiologic changes during pregnancy, genetic or racial difference, obstetrical history and obstetrical disease, such as preterm labor or pregnancy-induced hypertension, are presumed risk factors of pregnancy-related osteooporosis. However, exact etiology and pathogenesis are uncertain. The management and natural history are still poorly defined. Traditional medications for osteoporosis are calcium/vitamin D and bisphosphonate. Concerns with bisphosphonate include accumulation in bone and fetal exposure in subsequent pregnancies. The newly developed medication, teriparatide, has shown good results. We report six cases of pregnancy-related osteoporosis and spinal fracture with literature review.
Back Pain ; Female ; Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced ; Natural History ; Obstetric Labor, Premature ; Osteoporosis* ; Postpartum Period ; Pregnancy ; Risk Factors ; Spinal Fractures* ; Teriparatide

The technique of computer-assisted continuous infusion (CACI) has revolutionised the administration of drugs by intravenous infusion. A stable blood concentration is achieved rapidly with CACI, allowing the anesthesiologist to monitor therapeutic effect and titrate drug concentrations accordingly. Propofol and opioids can be administered by CACI for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia in adult patients. Also, the ability to maintain a constant blood concentration of drugs is also extremely important for studying the pharmacodynamic interactions of drugs, and research in the area has increased with advent of CACI. We experienced a case of total intravenous anesthesia which was totally conducted by CACI, using a Master TCI for propofol and Stelpump program for fentanyl infusion.
Adult ; Analgesics, Opioid ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Intravenous* ; Fentanyl ; Humans ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Propofol