An epidemiological study of clonorchiasis and paragonimiasis westermani prevailed among the people of a rural county. The author studied the infection rates of clonorchiasis sinensis and paragonimiasis westermani in the ingabitants of Chungsong Gun, Kyungbuk Province, Korea. The examinations were carried out from March 1965 to November 1965 fowards 1.303 inhabitants whose ages were ranging from three months to over sixty years. All the inhabitants were tested intradermally with clonorchis and paragonimus antigen and then confirmed the eggs by M.G.L. technique and sputum test. The results of the examination were summarized as follows : 1. Out of the persons tested, 15.8% were infected with clonorchiasis sinensis. 2. Out of the persons tested with paragonimus antigen, 20.9% were infected with Paragonimus westermani. 3. The infection rate of paragonimiasis was higher than that of clonorchasis, 4. The infection rate of clonorchiasis in male was 20.8%(147 out of 706), while that in female was 7.1%(58 out of 597). The infection rate of paragonimiasis in male was 21.2%(150 out of 706), while that in female was 20.1%(120 out of 597). 5. The maximum infection rates of clonorchiasis and paragonimiasis were observed among the 45-49 age group(65.2% and 43.5%) respectively, however it was gradually decreased in the senile group. 6. By occupation, the maximum infection rate of clonorchisasis was observed in policemen(45.7%) and the maximum carrier of eggs(by sputum test) was observed in unemployed(paragonimiasis). 7. By education, the maximum infection rate of clonorchiasis was observed in the unemployed(28.9%) and the maximum carrier of eggs(by sputum test) was observed in the unemployed(paragnomiasis).
Clonorchiasis* ; Education ; Eggs ; Epidemiologic Studies* ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Occupations ; Ovum ; Paragonimiasis* ; Paragonimus ; Paragonimus westermani ; Sputum

Background: Although emerging evidence suggest acute kidney injury (AKI) progress to chronic kidney disease (CKD), long-term renal outcome of AKI still remains unclear. Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is the most common cause of AKI due to ischemia, toxin or sepsis. Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), caused by drugs or autoimmune diseases is also increasingly recognized as an important cause of AKI. Unlike glomerular diseases, AKI is usually diagnosed in the clinical context without kidney biopsies, and lack of histology might contribute to this uncertainty. Methods: Among 8,769 biopsy series, 253 adults who were histologically diagnosed with ATN and AIN from 1982 to 2018 at five university hospitals were included. Demographic and pathological features that are associated with the development of end stage renal disease (ESRD) were also examined. Results: Rate of non-recovery of renal function at 6 month was significantly higher in the AIN (ATN vs AIN 49.3 vs 69.4%, P = 0.007) with a 2.71-fold higher risk of non- recovery compared to ATN (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20–6.47). During the mean follow up of 76.5 ± 91.9 months, ESRD developed in 39.4% of patients with AIN, and 21.5% patients of ATN. The risk of ESRD was significantly higher in AIN (23.05; 95% CI, 2.42–219.53) and also in ATN (12.14; 95% CI, 1.19–24.24) compared to control with non-specific pathology. Older age, female gender, renal function at the time of biopsy and at 6 months, proteinuria and pathological features including interstitial inflammation and fibrosis, tubulitis, vascular lesion were significantly associated with progression to ESRD. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that patients with biopsy proven ATN and AIN are at high risk of developing ESRD. AIN showed higher rate of non-renal recovery at 6 month than ATN.