Background: and Purpose All young males in South Korea must undergo a physical examination for their participation in military service. We aimed to determine the prevalence rate (PR) of various neuromuscular diseases in young South Korean males using the data of exempted patients and soldiers. Methods: The number of males exempted based on specific items of physical examination corresponding to neuromuscular disease during 2011–2020 were obtained from the records of the Military Manpower Administration. The list of enlisted soldier patients who were discharged from military service due to neuromuscular diseases during 2011–2020 was obtained from the Armed Forces Medical Command, and their medical records were reviewed. Results: The PR of neuromuscular diseases was calculated among 948 identified males: 713 exempted males and 235 soldiers. The PRs of overall hereditary neuropathies, Hirayama disease (HD), myasthenia gravis (MG), and inherited muscle diseases in South Korean males in their early 20s were 8.34 (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.39–9.30), 5.54 (95% CI, 4.76–6.32), 2.97 (95% CI, 2.40–3.55), and 10.38 (95% CI, 9.31–11.46) per 100,000 persons, respectively.Among the enlisted soldiers, hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy was the most common neuromuscular disease, with a prevalence among the enlisted soldiers of 3.11 (95% CI, 2.42–3.80) per 100,000 persons. Myotonic dystrophy was the most prevalent myopathy, followed by facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Conclusions The 10-year PRs of hereditary polyneuropathies, HD, MG, and inherited muscle diseases in young South Korean males have been reported. These data could be valuable to understanding each neuromuscular disease in the young male population of South Korea.