Since heparin is an anticoagulant commonly used in hemodialysis and the patients on hemodialysis are repeatedly exposed to heparin, heparin may be the cause of the development of heparin-dependent antibodies and thrombotic complications in patients on hemodialysis. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and the clinical significance of the antibodies against heparin-platelet factor 4 complexes as determined by enzyme immunoassay in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. The prevalence of anti-heparin-platelet factor 4 antibodies was higher in hemodialysis patients than in normal subjects (8.8 vs 0.0%, p<0.05). The number of past episodes of vascular access obstruction per year was significantly higher in the anti-heparin-platelet factor 4 antibody positive group than antibody negative group. Anti-heparin-platelet factor 4 antibody positive patients experienced more frequent vascular access obstructions than control subjects. In conclusion, anti-heparin-platelet factor 4 antibody might be a risk factor for vascular access obstructions in patients with end-stage renal disease on maintenance hemodialysis.
Adult ; Autoantibodies/immunology* ; Autoimmune Diseases/immunology* ; Catheters, Indwelling* ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Heparin/immunology* ; Human ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/blood ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/immunology ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Platelet Factor 4/immunology* ; Recurrence ; Renal Dialysis* ; Risk Factors ; Thrombophilia/immunology* ; Thrombosis/epidemiology* ; Thrombosis/immunology ; Thrombosis/prevention & control

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anti- Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in haemodialysis patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). Methods: One hundred and seventy three haemodialysis patients, and 40 healthy controls, were studied for the prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies by a micro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies were detected in 97 (56.06%) haemodialysis patients and 8 (20%) controls with a statistical significance. In addition, anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies were detected in 1.73% of patients, but none of the controls. In conclusion, a high percentage of positivity for Toxoplasma antibodies in patients with CRF undergoing haemodialysis was noticed, thus parasitological surveys of CRF patients should be periodically performed to prevent the possible dissemination of toxoplasmosis through the dialysis procedure.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Animals ; Antibodies, Protozoan/*blood ; Human ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/*immunology/therapy ; Middle Aged ; *Renal Dialysis ; Toxoplasma/*immunology

OBJECTIVETo compare the effect on erythropoietin (Epo) resistance between acupoint injection and subcutaneous injection of rHuEpo in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF).

METHODSThirty-eight cases were randomly divided into two groups, 19 cases in each one. In subcutaneous injection group (control group), subcutaneous injection of rHuEpo was administered, 3 times a week, lasting 2 months. In acupoint group (observation group), rHuEpo was injected on unilateral Shenshu (BL 23) and Zusanli (ST 36), one point was chosen each time, the bilateral acupoints were injected alternatively, 3 times a week, for 2 months. Meanwhile, a normal control group of 19 healthy persons was set up. The levels of CRP, IL-6, TNF-alpha, Scr, BUN, Hb, Hct and SF were observed.

RESULTSBefore treatment, the values of CRP, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in two groups were all higher than those in normal control group (all P < 0.01). After treatment for 2 months, the values of CRP, IL-6,TNF-alpha, Scr and BUN in two groups decreased apparently and those of Hb, Hct and SF increased obviously, indicating statistic significant differences as compared with the values before treatment separately (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). In comparison between two groups after treatment, every index above in observation group was improved much significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONAcupoint injection of rHuEpo at Zusanli (ST 36) and Shenshu (BL 23) increases significantly the values of Hb, Hct and SF, and decreases apparently the values of BUN, Scr and inflammatory factors, such as CRP, IL-6 and TNF-alpha as compared with subcutaneous injection. Acupoint injection improves Epo resistance and enhances Epo efficacy via alleviating micro-inflammatory state of the body.

Acupuncture Points ; Adult ; Aged ; Drug Resistance ; Erythropoietin ; administration & dosage ; Female ; Humans ; Inflammation Mediators ; blood ; immunology ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; immunology ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; blood ; drug therapy ; immunology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Recombinant Proteins ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood ; immunology

Anti-erythropoietin antibodies usually cross-react with all kinds of recombinant erythropoietins; therefore, erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA)-induced pure red-cell aplasia (PRCA) is not rescued by different ESAs. Here, we present a case of ESA-induced PRCA in a 36-yr-old woman with chronic kidney disease, whose anemic condition improved following reintroduction of darbepoetin-alpha. The patient developed progressive, severe anemia after the use of erythropoietin-alpha. As the anemia did not improve after the administration of either other erythropoietin-alpha products or erythropoietin-beta, all ESAs were discontinued. Oxymetholone therapy failed to improve the transfusion-dependent anemia and a rechallenge with ESAs continuously failed to obtain a sustained response. However, her anemia improved following reintroduction of darbepoetin-alpha at 3 yr after the initial diagnosis. Interestingly, anti-erythropoietin antibodies were still detectable, although their concentration was too low for titration. In conclusion, darbepoetin-alpha can improve ESA-induced PRCA when the anti-erythropoietin antibody titer declines and its neutralizing capacity is lost.
Adult ; Anemia/drug therapy/etiology ; Antibodies/*blood/immunology ; Bone Marrow Cells/pathology ; Drug Hypersensitivity/immunology ; Erythropoietin/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Erythropoietin, Recombinant/adverse effects/*immunology/therapeutic use ; Female ; Glomerulonephritis, IGA/complications ; Hematinics/adverse effects/immunology/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications ; Oxymetholone/therapeutic use ; Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure/chemically induced/*drug therapy/immunology

We report five cases of cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompromised patients which were detected by either cytomegalovirus antigenemia assay or in situ hybridization. Four cases had leukemia and the other had chronic renal failure. All the three BMT recipients suffered from GvHD. Interestingly, there was an unique case of CMV disease without a history of BMT, which reminded us that CMV could attack immunocompromised patients who had not undergone transplantation, too. Four out of five cases died. We think that cytomegalovirus infection or disease should not be regarded as a minor problem in post-transplantation infection in Korea.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Antigens, Viral/*blood ; *Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Case Report ; Cytomegalovirus/*immunology ; Cytomegalovirus Infections/complications/*diagnosis ; Fatal Outcome ; Graft vs Host Disease/complications ; Human ; Immunocompromised Host ; In Situ Hybridization ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications ; Kidney Transplantation ; Leukemia/*complications/therapy ; Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Acute, L2/complications/therapy ; Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute/complications/therapy ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic/complications/therapy ; Male ; Viremia/*diagnosis

Several parameters of cell-mediated immunity thirty-eight patients with end stage chronic renal failure were measured including total lymphyocytes, B-and T-lymphocytes, T-cell subsets and the mitogenic reponse to PHA and Con A at three different times; before dialysis, 3 months and 12 months after dialysis treatment. There were no significant differences in the absolute numbers of peripheral leukocytes between each patient and the control group. But the absolute numbers of lymphocytes of each patient group were significantly reduced compared to the control group (p< 0.01). The proportion of peripheral blood active T cells and helper T cells was significantly reduced both in the predialysis uremic and dialysis populations compared to the control group, although the helper/suppressor(OKT4/OKT8) ratio was not different between each patient and the control group except for a lower ratio in the hemodialysis 12 month follow-up group (HD 12M). With respect m the PHA and Con A stimulation tests, the stimulation indices of the predialysis and hemodialysis groups were significantly lower than those of the control group. However, patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) exhibited a normal mitogenic response and a lower suppressor cell removal index compared to the patients on hemodialysis, suggesting an improved cell-mediated immunity in the patients undergoing CAPD.
Adult ; Aged ; B-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Comparative Study ; Human ; In Vitro ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/*immunology/therapy ; Lectins/pharmacology ; Leukocyte Count ; Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects ; Middle Age ; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory ; Renal Dialysis ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; T-Lymphocytes/classification/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Suppressor-Effector/immunology

The CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) play an important role in immune tolerance in experimental transplantation but the clinical significance of circulating Tregs in the peripheral blood is undetermined. In 50 kidney transplant (KT) recipients, 29 healthy controls and 32 liver transplant (LT) recipients, the frequency of Tregs was measured with flow cytometry before and after transplantation. In the KT recipients, IL-10 secretion was measured with an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. The median frequency of circulating Tregs before KT was similar to that in healthy controls but significantly lower than that in LT patients before transplantation. The frequency of Tregs was significantly decreased in patients with subclinical acute rejection compared with those without subclinical acute rejection. Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) and anti-CD25 antibody decreased the frequency of Tregs but mTOR inhibitor did not. The frequency of donor-specific IL-10 secreting cells did not correlate with the number of Tregs. The frequency of circulating Tregs in KT recipients is strongly affected by CNIs and anti-CD25 antibody, and a low frequency of Tregs is associated with subclinical acute rejection during the early posttransplant period.
Adult ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Flow Cytometry ; Graft Rejection ; Humans ; Interleukin-10/metabolism ; Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/*biosynthesis ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/blood/immunology/*therapy ; Kidney Transplantation/*methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nephrology/*methods ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/*immunology

A 94-year-old female with end-stage renal disease presents with fever, fatigue, and hematochezia. She had previously resided in Hunan Province, China, and Myanmar, and she immigrated to Taiwan 30 years ago. Colonoscopy revealed a colonic ulcer. Biopsy of the colonic ulcer showed ulceration of the colonic mucosa, and many Paragonimus westermani-like eggs were noted. Serum IgG antibody levels showed strong reactivity with P. westermani excretory-secretory antigens by ELISA. Intestinal paragonimiasis was thus diagnosed according to the morphology of the eggs and serologic finding. After treatment with praziquantel, hematochezia resolved. The present case illustrates the extreme manifestations encountered in severe intestinal paragonimiasis.
Aged, 80 and over ; Animals ; Anthelmintics/therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Helminth/blood ; Antigens, Helminth/immunology ; Colonic Diseases/complications/drug therapy/*pathology ; Colonoscopy ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/complications/drug therapy/*pathology ; Humans ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/complications/drug therapy/parasitology/*pathology ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications ; Paragonimiasis/complications/drug therapy/parasitology/*pathology ; Paragonimus westermani/*immunology ; Praziquantel/therapeutic use ; Taiwan ; Ulcer/complications/drug therapy/*pathology

OBJECTIVETo explore the mechanisms of Chinese herbal medicine Sanqi Oral Liquid, composed of Astragalus membranaceus and Panpax notoginseng, in alleviating renal injury by observing its effect on the expressions of CD4(+), CD8(+) and CD68(+) cells in 5/6 nephrectomized rats with chronic renal failure.

METHODSA total of 102 SD rats were randomly divided into six groups: three treatment groups were administrated with high, medium and low dosage of Sanqi Oral Liquid respectively by gavage; a normal group, a 5/6 nephrectomized model group, and a group treated with coated aldehyde oxygenstarch were used as controls. Following oral administration of Sanqi Oral Liquid for 12 weeks, the general condition and renal pathological changes were observed, and the renal function, platelet count (PLT) and the expressions of CD4(+), CD8(+) and CD68(+) cells were determined for each group.

RESULTSThere were proliferation of mesangial matrix, renaltubularnecrosis and obvious tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the model group, and they were much milder in the treatment groups. Compared with the model group, the amounts of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr) and PLT in the treatment groups decreased (P<0.05 for all); and in the group administrated of medium dosage of Sanqi Oral Liquid, the expression of CD4(+) cells was up-regulated and those of CD8(+) and CD68(+) cells were down-regulated (P<0.05 for all), leading to an increased ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+)(P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONSanqi Oral Liquid has a significant effect on regulating lymphocyte subsets, reducing the infiltration of macrophages in renal tissues and alleviating tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and this may be one of mechanisms of Sanqi Oral Liquid in delaying the progression of chronic kidney diseases.

Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Antigens, CD ; metabolism ; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic ; metabolism ; Astragalus membranaceus ; chemistry ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; drug effects ; pathology ; physiology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; drug effects ; pathology ; physiology ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; drug therapy ; immunology ; pathology ; surgery ; Lymphocyte Count ; Male ; Nephrectomy ; Panax notoginseng ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Solutions

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Chronic inflammatory status is a possible risk factor for vascular access dysfunction in hemodialysis (HD) patients, but susceptibility differences appear among individuals. Interleukin (IL)-6 is a well-known inflammatory cytokine with various polymorphisms. We examined whether IL-6 polymorphisms are associated with vascular access dysfunction in HD patients. METHODS: A total of 80 HD patients (including 42 diabetic patients) were enrolled. Polymorphisms in the IL-6 gene promoter (-634 C/G and -174 G/C) were studied using restriction length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction analysis. Vascular access patency was compared between the patient groups with respect to IL-6 polymorphisms. An additional 89 healthy individuals were enrolled in the control group. Plasma IL-6 levels were de termined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The GG genotype and G allele at position -634 in the IL-6 promoter were more frequently observed in HD patients than in controls. Furthermore, the distribution of the -634 polymorphism differed according to vascular access patency in non-diabetic HD patients. However, the G allele was not a significant risk factor for early access failure. No significant association appeared between the IL-6 -634 C/G polymorphism and plasma IL-6 levels. The C allele of the IL-6 -174 G/C polymorphism was not detected in our study population. CONCLUSIONS: The IL-6 -634 G allele appears with greater frequently in patients with end-stage renal disease and may be associated with vascular access dysfunction in non-diabetic HD patients.
Adult ; Aged ; Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical/*adverse effects ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics ; Case-Control Studies ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Graft Occlusion, Vascular/blood/ethnology/*genetics/physiopathology ; Humans ; Interleukin-6/blood/*genetics ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/blood/ethnology/genetics/immunology/*therapy ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Phenotype ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; *Renal Dialysis ; Republic of Korea ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; Vascular Patency/*genetics