The patients with hepatobiliary jaundice have an increased incidence of acute tubular necrosis. The hepatorenal syndrome represents a special category in the classification of the syndrome of acute liver and kidney failure. The treatment involved the use of prednisolone, exchange transfusion, hemodialysis, charcoal hemoperfusion, xenobiotic cross circulation and exvivo baboon liver perfusion
Liver Failure, Acute ; Kidney Failure ; Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute

We investigated the pathobiological course of uranyl nitrate (UN) induced polyuric acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in male Sprague Dawley rats. UN (5mg/kg 15mg/kg and 3Omg/kg) in 5% NaHCO3 induced weight loss, polydipsia, and polyuria 24 hrs after injection when compared to the controls which were treated with 5% NaHCO3 only. Twenty four hours following the injection of UN, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels had increased. These changes continued for at least 72 hours, although the concentration of uranium had decreased. Light microscopic studies conducted 24 hours after injection, revealed partial degeneration and necrosis of the proximal tubules and many casts m the distal convoluted tubules. These changes progressed for 72 hours. Despite this tubular damage, the glomeruli were relatively intact. 5 days after injection, the epithelial cells lining the proximal tubules displayed regenerative activities; these findings were more prominent after 10 days. Through electron microscopic examination, we observed the destruction of mitochondria in the proximal tubular cells, a possible cause of polyuria. Ten days post injection regenerative activities in the proximal tubular cells showed that the maturation of intracellular organelles followed the proliferation of the premature cells.
Animal ; Kidney Failure, Acute/chemically induced* ; Kidney Function Tests ; Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute/chemically induced* ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains ; Uranium/pharmacology* ; Uranyl Nitrate/pharmacology*

Renal failure due to nephrocalcinosis after large-bowel cleansing with sodium phosphate preparations before endoscopic procedures is an easily overlooked diagnosis. While it has been reported that acute renal failure can result from the use of oral sodium phosphate preparations, chronic renal failure has not yet been reported. We report a case of chronic renal failure due to oral sodium phosphate, in which a kidney biopsy was performed.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Biopsy ; Cathartics ; Kidney ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Nephrocalcinosis ; Phosphates ; Renal Insufficiency ; Sodium

Vancomycin has been associated with acute kidney injury, particularly in the concomitant treatment with aminoglycoside or in the presence of other risk factor such as preexisting renal disease, sepsis, or hemodynamic instability. Vancomycin-related nephrotoxicity typically manifests as acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. Biopsy-proven acute tubular necrosis associated with vancomycin intoxication in the absence of aminoglycoside has been reported only in very few cases. We report a case of biopsy-proven acute tubular necrosis associated with vancomycin intoxication that was treated by continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration. A 28-year-old male without preexisting renal disease received a massive overdose of vancomycin. The plasma vancomycin level was 440.3 microg/mL. Renal biopsy revealed acute tubular necrosis that there is marked thinning of the tubular epithelium with dilatation of the tubular lumens and severe foamy epithelial cell changes in tubules. Continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration resulted in efficient reduction of serum vancomycin levels, which was followed clinically by recovered of renal function.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Adult ; Biopsy ; Dilatation ; Epithelial Cells ; Epithelium ; Hemodiafiltration ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute ; Male ; Necrosis ; Nephritis, Interstitial ; Plasma ; Risk Factors ; Sepsis ; Vancomycin

BACKGROUND/AIMS: A diagnosis of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is based on a differential evaluation of acute kidney injury (AKI), which may aggravate the clinical course. This study assessed the clinical significance of the urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (u-NGAL) levels in a differential diagnosis of AKI in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC).METHODS: Patients with LC who developed AKI were enrolled prospectively. Clinically, patients with AKI were classified into prerenal azotemia (PRA), HRS, and acute tubular necrosis (ATN) groups.RESULTS: Fifty-five patients (male, 74.5%) with LC who exhibited AKI upon admission were enrolled; 28, 9, and 18 patients were included in the PRA, HRS, and ATN groups, respectively. The baseline model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores was similar in the subgroups. The median event creatinine level, measured at the time of the AKI diagnosis, was similar in the HRS and ATN subgroups. On the other hand, the median event u-NGAL level differed significantly between the three subgroups (PRA, HRS, and ATN: 37 vs. 134 vs. 2,625 ng/mL, p=0.003). In particular, the median u-NGAL level of the HRS group was clearly different from those of the PRA (p<0.001) and ATN (p<0.001) groups. Multivariable analysis revealed the natural logarithm of the u-NGAL level (hazard ratio [HR] 1.77, p=0.031) and the MELD score (HR 1.17, p=0.027) to be independent prognostic factors for in-hospital mortality in patients with LC and AKI.CONCLUSIONS: The median u-NGAL level differentiated HRS from ATN and served as a clinical indicator of in-hospital mortality for patients with LC and AKI.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Azotemia ; Creatinine ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Hand ; Hepatorenal Syndrome ; Hospital Mortality ; Humans ; Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute ; Lipocalins ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver Diseases ; Liver ; Necrosis ; Neutrophils ; Prospective Studies

BACKGROUND/AIMS: A diagnosis of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is based on a differential evaluation of acute kidney injury (AKI), which may aggravate the clinical course. This study assessed the clinical significance of the urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (u-NGAL) levels in a differential diagnosis of AKI in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC). METHODS: Patients with LC who developed AKI were enrolled prospectively. Clinically, patients with AKI were classified into prerenal azotemia (PRA), HRS, and acute tubular necrosis (ATN) groups. RESULTS: Fifty-five patients (male, 74.5%) with LC who exhibited AKI upon admission were enrolled; 28, 9, and 18 patients were included in the PRA, HRS, and ATN groups, respectively. The baseline model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores was similar in the subgroups. The median event creatinine level, measured at the time of the AKI diagnosis, was similar in the HRS and ATN subgroups. On the other hand, the median event u-NGAL level differed significantly between the three subgroups (PRA, HRS, and ATN: 37 vs. 134 vs. 2,625 ng/mL, p=0.003). In particular, the median u-NGAL level of the HRS group was clearly different from those of the PRA (p<0.001) and ATN (p<0.001) groups. Multivariable analysis revealed the natural logarithm of the u-NGAL level (hazard ratio [HR] 1.77, p=0.031) and the MELD score (HR 1.17, p=0.027) to be independent prognostic factors for in-hospital mortality in patients with LC and AKI. CONCLUSIONS: The median u-NGAL level differentiated HRS from ATN and served as a clinical indicator of in-hospital mortality for patients with LC and AKI.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Azotemia ; Creatinine ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Hand ; Hepatorenal Syndrome ; Hospital Mortality ; Humans ; Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute ; Lipocalins ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver Diseases ; Liver ; Necrosis ; Neutrophils ; Prospective Studies

Tetrachloroethylene is widely used as a solvent for degreasing operations and for dry cleaning. Accidental overexposure of tetrachloroethylene produces central nervous system depression which may be followed by hepatic and renal damage. Renal changes are usually mild and reversible with removal of the offending agent. The relationship between exposure to tetrachloroethylene and chronic renal failure remains controversial. Acute or subacute tetrachloroethylene poisoning has been occasionally observed in dry cleaners and fatal cases have been rarely reported. We experienced a case of acute tetrachloroethylene poisoning complicated by acute renal failure. After ingestion of 200 mL tetrachloroethylene, a 32- year-old man was admitted to the clinic in semicoma. Under the conservative treatment, the clinical condition of the patient improved consideravely, but acute renal failure developed. After 5 times hemodialysis during the admission, he recovered completely from acute renal failure.
Acute Kidney Injury* ; Central Nervous System ; Depression ; Eating ; Humans ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Poisoning* ; Renal Dialysis ; Tetrachloroethylene*

Hemodialysis using Kiil type artificial kidney was performed on two cases of acute renal failure and a case of chronic renal failure and the following results were obtained: 1. A case of acute renal failure recovered from her deteriorated renal function following four consecutive hemodialyses and another following a single hemodialysis of six hours. 2. A case of chronic renal failure is now stabilized clinically and maintained on ambulatory intermittent long-term hemodialysis.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Kidneys, Artificial* ; Renal Dialysis* ; Renal Insufficiency*

Mushroom poisonings are potentially fatal. Most fatalities are due to the amatoxin that causes fulminant hepatic failure and acute renal failure. We report a patient who developed acute renal failure after ingesting Amanita virgineoides, which required renal replacement therapy, despite recovery of liver injury. A kidney biopsy showed acute tubular necrosis. The patient was recovered with the supportive care and temporary hemodialysis.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Amanita ; Amanitins ; Biopsy ; Humans ; Kidney ; Liver ; Liver Failure, Acute ; Mushroom Poisoning ; Necrosis ; Renal Dialysis ; Renal Replacement Therapy

Humans ; Child ; COVID-19/complications* ; Brain Diseases ; Myositis/complications* ; Kidney ; Liver Failure, Acute/complications* ; Acute Kidney Injury/complications*