Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) strain SD1511 was isolated from chickens with severe inclusion body hepatitis and hydropericardium syndrome in Shandong Province, China. The isolate was cultured in primary chicken embryo kidney cells. A study of pathogenicity indicated that SD1511 readily infected 7-35-d-old chickens by intramuscular injection and intranasal and oral routes, causing 50%-100% mortality. The 35-d-old chickens suffered more severe infection than 7- and 21-d-old chickens with mortality highest in the intramuscular injection group. The serum from surviving chickens showed potent viral neutralizing capability. The complete genome of SD1511 was sequenced and analyzed. The strain was found to belong to the FAdV-4 cluster with more than 99% identity with the virulent FAdV-4 strains isolated in China in recent years except for some distinct variations, including deletions of open reading frame 27 (ORF27), ORF48, and part of ORF19. Our findings suggest that SD1511 might be used as a prototype strain for the study of pathogenesis and vaccine development.
Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Aviadenovirus/pathogenicity* ; Cell Line ; Chick Embryo/virology* ; Chickens/virology* ; China ; Gene Deletion ; Genetic Variation ; Genome ; Genome, Viral ; Genomics ; Kidney/virology* ; Liver/virology* ; Open Reading Frames ; Poultry Diseases/virology* ; Serogroup ; Viral Load ; Virulence ; Virus Diseases/virology*

Adenovirus Infections, Human ; pathology ; virology ; Glomerulonephritis, Membranous ; pathology ; virology ; HIV Infections ; pathology ; virology ; Hepatitis B ; pathology ; virology ; Hepatitis C ; pathology ; virology ; Herpes Zoster ; pathology ; virology ; Herpesvirus 3, Human ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Kidney ; pathology ; virology ; Kidney Diseases ; pathology ; virology ; Nephritis, Interstitial ; pathology ; virology ; Parvoviridae Infections ; pathology ; virology ; Parvovirus B19, Human ; isolation & purification

In this study, pEGFP-N1 was chosen as the reporter plasmid and transferred into Ctenopharyngodon idellus kidney (CIK) cells by electroporation, and the optimal electroporation conditions were determined by testing the transfection efficiency with different voltages, pulse times, plasmid amounts, and numbers of shocks. The results showed that the maximum electroporation efficiency was achieved under the following conditions in a 0.2 cm electroporation cuvette containing CIK cells (1.5 x 10(7)/mL, 200 microl): electric voltage 200 V, pulse time 45 ms, plasmid 30 microg, and one electric shock. The total genomic RNA of grass carp reovirus (GCRV) was extracted in this experiment and reversely transcribed into cDNA, which was used to amplify the gene segment of GCRV non-structural protein NS26 using designed specific primers. The PCR product was recombined into pEGFP-N1 vector. The fusion protein EGFP-NS26 was successfully and efficiently expressed in the CIK cells by electroporation, which was confirmed by both fluorescent imaging and Western blot analysis. This experiment laid a foundation for further functional studies of the non-structural protein NS26 of GCRV.
Animals ; Cell Line ; Cyprinidae ; Electroporation ; Fish Diseases ; virology ; Gene Expression ; Kidney ; virology ; Reoviridae ; genetics ; physiology ; Reoviridae Infections ; veterinary ; virology ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism

Humans ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; prevention & control ; Kidney Diseases ; prevention & control ; virology ; Viruses ; pathogenicity

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is an acute viral disease characterized by fever, hemorrhage and renal failure. Among the various hemorrhagic complications of HFRS, spontaneous rupture of the kidney and perirenal hematoma are very rare findings. We report here on a case of HFRS complicated by massive perirenal hematoma, and this was treated with transcatheter arterial embolization.
*Embolization, Therapeutic ; Hematoma/radiography/*therapy/virology ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome/*complications ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases/radiography/*therapy/virology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Renal Artery/radiography

OBJECTIVEHepatitis B virus-associated membranous nephropathy (HBV-MN) is a disease characterized by podocytopathy. Podocyte is a terminally differentiated cell with limited capability of proliferation. Thus, damage of podocyte might result in decreased cell number, and then lead to the development of marked proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. The present study aimed to investigate the changes of glomerular podocyte number in the children with hepatitis B virus-associated membranous nephropathy (HBV-MN), and their significance in the pathogenesis of HBV-MN.

METHODSPodocytes were identified through specific immunohistological staining of Wilms tumor gene protein 1 (WT1), a characteristic marker for podocyte nuclei, and podocyte numerical density (Nv), mean glomerular tuft volume (V) and the podocyte number per glomerulus (Npodo) were estimated through Weibel-Gomez method in 19 children with biopsy-proven HBV-MN and 8 children with thin basement membrane disease (control group), and analyses were made for possible correlation with clinical, serological and pathological data.

RESULTSAmong the 19 cases with HBV-MN, 3 showed microvillus-like foot process of podocytes, granular degeneration of podocyte were found in 4 cases, vacuolization in 1 case and podocyte detachment in 2 cases. Nv and Npodo were significantly decreased in children with HBV-MN compared with control group (t = 12.851, P = 0.0002 and t = 6.433, P = 0.0002, respectively). Moreover, the number of podocytes decreased more significantly in patients with stronger HBsAg deposition (> ++) than those with weak HBsAg deposition (< or = ++), P = 0.004, but no significant difference was found between patients with phase III or IV of HBV-MN and those with phase Ior II in podocyte number per glomerulus (P = 0.5262) and podocyte numerical density (P = 0.3564). Podocyte numerical density decreased more significantly in patients with massive proteinuria (> or = 2 g/24 h) than those with moderate proteinuria (< 2 g/24 h), P = 0.0488. The numbers of podocyte correlated significantly with serum levels of C(3) (r = 0.548, P = 0.028), but did not correlate with serum levels of albumin (r = -0.037, P = 0.891).

CONCLUSIONAll patients with HBV-MN showed podocyte damage and decreased number per glomerulus, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of HBV-MN in children.

Cell Count ; Child ; Glomerulonephritis ; pathology ; Glomerulonephritis, Membranous ; complications ; virology ; Hepatitis B ; complications ; pathology ; Hepatitis B virus ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases ; pathology ; Kidney Glomerulus ; pathology ; Podocytes ; pathology ; Proteinuria ; pathology

BK virus-associated nephropathy (BKVAN) is one of the major causes of allograft dysfunction in kidney transplant (KT) patients. We compared BKVAN combined with acute rejection (BKVAN/AR) with BKVAN alone in KT patients. We retrospectively analyzed biopsy-proven BKVAN in KT patients from 2000 to 2011 at Seoul National University Hospital. Among 414 biopsies from 951 patients, biopsy-proven BKVAN was found in 14 patients. Nine patients had BKVAN alone, while 5 patients had both BKVAN and acute cellular rejection. BKVAN in the BKVAN alone group was detected later than in BKVAN/AR group (21.77 vs 6.39 months after transplantation, P=0.03). Serum creatinine at diagnosis was similar (2.09 vs 2.00 mg/dL). Histological grade was more advanced in the BKVAN/AR group (P=0.034). Serum load of BKV, dose of immunosuppressants, and tacrolimus level showed a higher tendency in the BKVAN alone group; however it was not statistically significant. After anti-rejection therapy, immunosuppression was reduced in the BKVAN/AR group. Renal functional deterioration over 1 yr after BKVAN diagnosis was similar between the two groups (P=0.665). These findings suggest that the prognosis of BKVAN/AR after anti-rejection therapy followed by anti-BKV therapy might be similar to that of BKVAN alone after anti-BKV therapy.
Acute Disease ; Adult ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; BK Virus/*physiology ; Creatinine/blood ; Female ; *Graft Rejection/diagnosis/virology ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage ; Kidney/*virology ; Kidney Diseases/pathology/surgery/*virology ; *Kidney Transplantation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polyomavirus Infections/drug therapy/*etiology/pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Tacrolimus/administration & dosage ; Time Factors ; Transplantation, Homologous/adverse effects ; Tumor Virus Infections/drug therapy/*etiology/pathology

Quantitative measurement of BK virus DNA (Q-BKDNA) has been used for the early diagnosis and monitoring of BK virus-associated nephropathy (BKVAN). This study was designed to determine the BKDNA cutoff for the diagnosis of BKVAN. Between June 2005 and February 2007, 64 renal transplant recipients taken renal biopsies due to renal impairment submitted plasma and urine for Q-BKDNA. Eight BKVAN patients (12.5%) had median viral loads of 6.0 log(10) copies/mL in plasma and 7.3 log(10) copies/mL in urine. Among 56 non-BKVAN patients, 45 were negative for Q-BKDNA; 4 were positive in plasma with a median viral load of 4.8 log(10) copies/ mL, and 10 were positive in urine with a median viral load of 4.8 log(10) copies/mL. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that a cutoff of 4.5 log(10) copies/mL in plasma and a cutoff of 5.9 log(10) copies/mL in urine had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 96.4%, respectively. A combined cutoffs of 4 log(10) copies/ mL in plasma and 6 log(10) copies/mL in urine had better performance with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 98.2% than each cutoff of urine or plasma. QBKDNA with the combined cutoffs could reliably diagnose BKVAN in renal transplant recipients.
Adolescent ; Adult ; BK Virus/*genetics ; Biopsy ; Calibration ; DNA, Viral/*genetics ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases/*virology ; Kidney Transplantation/*methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polyomavirus Infections/diagnosis ; Treatment Outcome

Reactivation of polyoma virus (BK virus) is a significant cause of morbidity in kidney transplant patients. This seemingly insignificant viral infection that affects the majority of population at a young age, once reactivated by immunosuppression, is a major factor contributing to graft loss. Screening techniques have been developed for early prediction of BK virus reactivation. These include plasma and urine assays for detection of BK virus DNA by PCR, urine cytology for detection of "decoy cells" and electron microscopy. Combining urine cytology and serology screening can be more effective for early detection of BK virus reactivation. Immunohistochemistry can be utilized as an additional tool to support the diagnosis. Once screening tests reveal a suspicious BK virus reactivation, tissue biopsy should be performed to confirm the diagnosis, rule out acute cellular rejection and plan treatment approaches. Treatment normally includes decreasing immunosuppression and the use of antiviral drug therapy. Unfortunately, disease outcome is often unfavorable and can culminate with eventual graft loss. Renal retransplantation has been performed with mixed results. As new data emerges, we will gain a better understanding of the disease caused by BK virus and respond with improved early diagnosis and treatment to preserve graft function.
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; *BK Virus ; Humans ; Immunosuppression/*adverse effects ; Kidney Diseases/pathology/*virology ; *Kidney Transplantation ; Polyomavirus Infections/*complications/drug therapy/etiology ; Tumor Virus Infections/*complications/drug therapy/etiology

OBJECTIVE: This study summarizes and compares clinical and laboratory characteristics of 34 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for complications from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China from Jan. 22 to Mar. 5, 2020. METHODS: A total of 34 patients were divided into two groups, including those who required noninvasive ventilation (NIV) and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) with additional extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in 11 patients. Clinical features of COVID-19 patients were described and the parameters of clinical characteristics between the two groups were compared. RESULTS: The rates of the acute cardiac and kidney complications were higher in IMV cases than those in NIV cases. Most patients had lymphocytopenia on admission, with lymphocyte levels dropping progressively on the following days, and the more severe lymphopenia developed in the IMV group. In both groups, T lymphocyte counts were below typical lower limit norms compared to B lymphocytes. On admission, both groups had higher than expected amounts of plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6), which over time declined more in NIV patients. The prothrombin time was increased and the levels of platelet, hemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and IL-6 were higher in IMV cases compared with NIV cases during hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS Data showed that the rates of complications, dynamics of lymphocytopenia, and changes in levels of platelet, hemoglobin, BUN, D-dimer, LDH and IL-6, and prothrombin time in these ICU patients were significantly different between IMV and NIV cases.
Acute Kidney Injury ; virology ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Betacoronavirus ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; China ; Coronavirus Infections ; complications ; therapy ; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ; Female ; Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products ; analysis ; Heart Diseases ; virology ; Hemoglobins ; analysis ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; blood ; Lymphopenia ; virology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Noninvasive Ventilation ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; complications ; therapy ; Positive-Pressure Respiration ; Prothrombin Time ; Retrospective Studies