Although recently, there have been introduced many new diagnostic tools such as renal scanning and renogram, intravenous urogram remains to be one of the most useful method of urological diagnosis. Therefore it seems warranted to review 363 cases of intravenous urograms performed in the department of urology, St. Mary's hospital, Catholic Medical College during the period of January, 1962 to June, 1964. Among others, especial attention was paid to 60 cases of nonvisualizing kidneys. Of 60 nonvisualizing kidneys, renal tuberculosis occupied 27 cases(45%); ureteral and renal stones 13(21.6%); hydronephrosis 9(15%) (metastatic carcinoma 6(10%)and surgical manipulation 3(5%); Wilms' tumor 5 (8.3%) chronic atrophic pyelonephritis 3(5%) ; One case each of renal cell carcinoma, cystic kidney and thrombosis of the renal artery. Inasmuch as the present study revealed renal tuberculosis to be the most common cause of nonvisualizing kidneys, it is felt that one should always consider the possibility of tuberculosis in the diagnosis of nonvisualizing kidneys in Korea. This fact should be stressed because nontuberculous pathology such as chronic pyelonephritis has been implicated to be the most frequent cause of nonvisualizing kidneys by American authors.
Carcinoma, Renal Cell ; Diagnosis ; Hydronephrosis ; Kidney Diseases, Cystic ; Kidney* ; Korea ; Pathology ; Pyelonephritis ; Radiography* ; Renal Artery ; Thrombosis ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Renal ; Ureter ; Urology ; Wilms Tumor

Exons ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta ; genetics ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases, Cystic ; diagnostic imaging ; genetics ; pathology ; surgery ; Kidney Glomerulus ; pathology ; Middle Aged ; Radiography

PURPOSE: To identify size criteria for complex cystic renal masses that can distinguish renal cell carcinoma from benign cysts supplementing the Bosniak classification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the records of 97 patients who underwent surgery for complex cystic renal masses from January 2001 to April 2010. The pathological results were compared with the lesion sizes measured by preoperative computed tomography and other radiological features (contrast enhancement, irregularities of cyst walls and septa, and calcification) were also obtained for categorization according to the Bosniak renal cyst classification. RESULTS: Malignancy was significantly associated with cyst size (>2 cm), male gender, and younger patient age (<50 years). According to the Bosniak classification, there was no category I cyst, and all 8 category II cysts were benign. However, 3 of 18 (17%) category IIF cysts, 21 of 39 (54%) category III cysts, and 29 of 32 (90%) category IV cysts were malignant. All category IIF cysts were benign in patients older than 50 years of age. CONCLUSION: Many complex cystic renal masses smaller than 2 cm were benign. We suggest that lesion size should be taken into account when formulating treatment plans for complex cystic renal masses.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell/diagnosis/radiography ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; *Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Kidney Diseases, Cystic/*diagnosis/radiography ; Kidney Neoplasms/*diagnosis/radiography ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sex Factors ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of thin overlapping reconstruction on the attenuation of small (< or = 3 cm) renal cysts in the nephrographic phase of multidetector CT (MDCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We scanned a phantom kidney containing spheres of various sizes (10, 20, and 30 mm) using both 4- and 16-channel MDCT scanners, and reconstructed images with various slice thickness (T, mm) and intervals (I, mm). The attenuation increase (AI) was measured for each sphere in 240-HU diluted solution of contrast material and compared with the attenuation in 35-HU solution. RESULTS: On the 4-channel MDCT, thin overlapping reconstruction (T/I = 3/1, compared with 5/5) lowered the AI as much as 17 HU in the 10 mm-sphere and 6 HU in the 20 mm-sphere (p < 0.05). Thin slicing alone was also effective; however overlapping alone was not. On the 16-channel MDCT, AI in the 10 mm-sphere was significantly lower than on the 4-channel MDCT with T/I = 5/5 (p < 0.05), however thinner slicing or overlapping did not affect the attenuation significantly in all of the spheres. CONCLUSION: The effect of thin overlapping reconstruction on minimizing falsely elevated attenuation in the nephrographic phase was significant only in cysts < or =20 mm on the 4-channel MDCT.
Tomography, X-Ray Computed/*methods ; *Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted ; Phantoms, Imaging ; Kidney Diseases, Cystic/*radiography ; Iohexol/analogs & derivatives/diagnostic use ; Humans ; Contrast Media

PURPOSE: To carry out long-term follow-up of patients diagnosed with asymptomatic simple renal cysts (SRCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred fifty-eight adult patients in whom SRCs were incidentally diagnosed by abdominal ultrasonography or abdominopelvic computed tomography between August 1994 and June 2004 were followed up for over 10 years. The retrospective analysis investigated sequential changes in the size, shape, and Bosniak classification of the renal cyst and analyzed risk factors for increased size and growth rate of the cysts. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 13.9 years (range, 10.0-19.8 years). Median patient age was 54.1 years (range, 22-86 years). Mean maximal cyst size was 33 mm (range, 2-90 mm). Among all patients, 120 (76%) showed a mean increase in maximum renal cyst diameter of 1.4 mm (6.4%) per year. Age at initial diagnosis was a risk factor for increased renal cyst maximum diameter. The probability of an increase in maximum diameter of an SRC was 7.1 times greater in patients aged 50 years or older at diagnosis than in those aged less than 50 years. However, among patients with an increased maximum diameter, the mean growth rate was lower in patients aged > or =50 years than in those aged <50 years. CONCLUSIONS: About three-quarters of adult patients with accidentally diagnosed SRCs presented with an increased maximum diameter. The only risk factor for an increase in maximum diameter was age. In patients with an increase in the maximum diameter, the growth rate of the maximum diameter was 6.4% per year during 10 years and decreased with age.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cysts/*radiography/*ultrasonography ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases, Cystic/*pathology/radiography/ultrasonography ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate the differences between sclerotherapy with and without ethanol concentration monitoring for the treatment of simple renal cysts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-seven patients with 70 simple renal cysts were randomly assigned to two groups in a 12-month prospective controlled trial. One group (group A) was treated with computed tomography (CT)-guided sclerotherapy without ethanol concentration monitoring (33 patients with 35 cysts), whereas the other group (group B) had ethanol concentration monitoring (34 patients with 35 cysts) during the procedure. Treatment outcomes between the two groups were compared 12 months later with follow-up ultrasound examination. RESULTS: After the 12-month follow-up period, the overall success rate was 74.3% in group A and 94.3% in group B (p = 0.022). The mean cyst size before and after treatment was 8.6 +/- 2.0 cm and 2.3 +/- 2.9 cm, respectively, in group A, and 8.4 +/- 1.7 cm and 0.8 +/- 1.9 cm, respectively, in group B. The final size of the cysts in group B was significantly smaller than that in group A (p = 0.015). The likelihood of treatment with ethanol concentration monitoring being successful was approximately 16 times higher than without ethanol concentration monitoring (p = 0.026; odds ratio = 15.7; 95% confidence interval: 1.38-179.49). There were no major complications in either group. CONCLUSION: Monitoring of Hounsfield units (HU) of ethanol by CT is an effective method in the treatment of simple renal cysts with ethanol sclerotherapy. The ethanol sclerotherapy procedure can be terminated at the point of clear fluid aspiration because the HU (-190) of CT scan corresponds to it.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cysts/radiography/*therapy ; Drug Monitoring ; Ethanol/*administration & dosage/analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases, Cystic/radiography/*therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Radiography, Interventional/methods ; Sclerosing Solutions/*administration & dosage/analysis ; Sclerotherapy/*methods ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: We wanted to compare the efficacies of 95% ethanol and 20% hypertonic saline (HS) sclerotherapies that were performed in a single session under CT guidance for the management of simple renal cysts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective series of 74 consecutive patients (average age: 57.6 +/- 8.1 years) with simple renal cysts were enrolled in this study. They were randomized into two groups and 95% ethanol or 20% HS, respectively, corresponding to 25% of the aspiration volume, was injected. Treatment success was determined six months later with follow-up clinical evaluation and performing ultrasonography. RESULTS: The sclerotherapy was accepted as technically successful without major complications in all except two patients who were excluded because of a communication between the simple renal cyst and the pelvicalyceal collecting system. Thirty-six patients in the ethanol group received sclerotherapy with 95% ethanol and 36 patients in the HS group underwent sclerotherapy with 20% HS. The complete regression ratio of the ethanol group was significantly higher (94% versus 72%, respectively) than that of the HS group. There was one patient with partial regression in each group. The failure ratio of the ethanol group was significantly lower (3% versus 25%, respectively) than that of the HS group. CONCLUSION: Ethanol sclerotherapy under CT guidance is a successful and safe procedure and it can be used for the treatment of simple renal cysts. Sclerotherapy with 95% ethanol is more effective than 20% HS sclerotherapy. Sclerotherapy with HS may be an option for patients preferring to undergo a less painful treatment procedure.
Adult ; Aged ; Ethanol/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Kidney/drug effects/radiography/ultrasonography ; Kidney Diseases, Cystic/*drug therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Saline Solution, Hypertonic/administration & dosage ; Sclerosing Solutions/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Sclerotherapy/adverse effects/*methods ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/*methods ; Treatment Outcome