Kidney diseases are common and the incidence rate is increasing. Gut microbiota is involved in metabolic and immune regulation of the host. Genetic, alimentary and environmental disease factors may change gut flora and increase opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria, contributing to immune or non-immune mediated kidney diseases including IgA nephropathy and diabetic nephropathy. Additionally, bacterial metabolites may be a source of uremic toxins. Thus, identification of diversity, composition, and metabolic and immunologic features of gut bacteria in chronic kidney diseases may help understand pathogenetic mechanism and develop therapy for diseases.
Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases ; microbiology

Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients are susceptible to Helicobacter pylori (HP), and it has been reported that the occurrence of proteinuria is associated with HP infection in T2DM patients; however, this view remains controversial. This meta-analysis aimed to explore the association between HP infection and the occurrence of proteinuria in T2DM patients. In addition, we hope to provide some recommendations to readers in clinical or related fields. Methods: Our meta-analysis was conducted with the methodology of the Cochrane Collaboration. Search strategies were formulated by relevant professionals. Case-control studies that compared the occurrence of proteinuria in T2DM patients with and without HP infection were involved in our meta-analysis. Relevant English or Chinese studies were searched on online databases before 2018, including PubMed, the Cochrane library, Medline, Google Scholar, the China National Infrastructure, and Wanfang database. The search strategies were "diabetic proteinuria, diabetic microalbuminuria, diabetic albuminuria, diabetic kidney disease, diabetic renal dysfunction, diabetic renal disease, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic complications, and diabetic mellitus, combined with HP." The quality of these involved articles was separately assessed by two investigators using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Odds ratios (ORs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted and pooled using fixed-effects models. Results: Seven studies involving 1029 participants were included. The quality of these seven articles was all above five stars as assessed by NOS, and there was no significant publication bias in our meta-analysis. We found that T2DM patients with HP infection had a 2.00 times higher risk of the occurrence of proteinuria than patients without HP infection (OR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.48-2.69). Conclusions Our analysis showed that HP infection was associated with the occurrence of proteinuria in T2DM patients. HP radical surgery might be a therapeutic option for protecting kidney function in patients with T2DM.
Confidence Intervals ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; metabolism ; microbiology ; Helicobacter Infections ; metabolism ; microbiology ; Humans ; Kidney ; metabolism ; Proteinuria ; metabolism ; microbiology

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to examine the recent clinical trends and antibiotic susceptibilities of the causative microorganisms in renal and perirenal abscesses, and to elucidate the factors associated with treatment strategies. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 56 patients who were diagnosed with renal and perirenal abscesses at our hospital from January 2000 to September 2007. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 53.5 years, and a female predominance of patients (75%) was observed. Diabetes mellitus (44.6%) was the most common predisposing condition. The mean duration of symptoms before diagnosis was 11.6 days, and fever (75%) was the most common symptom. Escherichia coli (44%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (28%) were common pathogens, and the rates of susceptibility of E. coli isolates to ampicillin, cephalothin, cefotaxime, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and imipenem were 18.2%, 27.3%, 72.7%, 72.7%, 63.6%, 63.6%, and 100%, respectively. Abscesses were classified according to the location as follows: renal abscess (n=31, 55.4%) and perirenal abscess +/- renal abscess (n=25, 44.6%). In the renal abscess group, the infection rate of gram-negative organisms was higher than in the perirenal abscess group. Patients were also divided according to the treatment modality: antibiotics only (n=20, 35.7%) and percutaneous intervention or surgery (n=36, 64.3%). Patients who had a perirenal abscess or a large renal abscess required more invasive treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed somewhat different results from those of previous studies. Clinical and microbial differences were observed between the renal and perirenal abscess groups. Abscess location and the size of the renal abscess were the factors associated with treatment strategies.
Abdominal Abscess/*diagnosis/epidemiology/microbiology ; Disease Susceptibility ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney/*microbiology ; Kidney Diseases/*diagnosis/epidemiology/microbiology ; Korea/epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies

Animals ; Female ; Guinea Pigs ; Kidney ; microbiology ; pathology ; Leptospira interrogans ; isolation & purification ; pathogenicity ; Leptospirosis ; microbiology ; pathology ; Liver ; microbiology ; pathology ; Lung ; microbiology ; pathology ; Male ; Time Factors

Three dead dogs were brought to the College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University for study. Clinically, all the dogs showed emaciation, anorexia, depression, hemorrhagic vomiting and diarrhea for 7~10 days before death. All the clinical signs were first noted for about one month after feeding the dogs with commercial diets. At necropsy, all 3 dogs had severe renal damage with the same green-yellowish colored nephroliths in the renal pelvis. They also showed systemic hemorrhage and calcification of several organs, which might have been induced by uremia. Microscopically, necrosis, calcification and calculi were detected in the renal tubules, and especially in the proximal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney. These findings were supportive of a mycotoxic effect, and especially on their kidneys. However, the precise cause of the toxic effect in these cases of canine renal failure could not be determined.
Animals ; Dog Diseases/microbiology/*pathology ; Dogs ; Fatal Outcome ; Female ; Histocytochemistry/veterinary ; Kidney Failure, Acute/microbiology/pathology/*veterinary ; Male ; Mycotoxicosis/microbiology/pathology/*veterinary

OBJECTIVENanobacteria, a new kind of bacteria found by a Finnish scholar, is considered to relate to many human diseases like nephrolithiasis. However, there are no data available on nanobacteria infection in Chinese people.

METHODSNanobacteria was detected in serum of 336 cases of healthy adults in Southern China by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry stain. The monoclonal antibody of nanobacterum was supplied by Kuipio University of Finland.

RESULTSNanobacteria infection rates were 27 (8.0%), 19 (5.7%) in the healthy adults by ELISA and immunohistochemistry stain respectively. No difference was shown between the 2 methods and between male and female, statistically. Age and sex did not seem to be related to the infectious risk of nanobacteria. However, the infectious rate was lower in those below 30-year-old than that of people over 60-year-old (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONNanobacteria was existed in the serum of Chinese healthy people with an infectious rate of 8.0%.

Adult ; Arteriosclerosis ; microbiology ; China ; epidemiology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections ; blood ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Kidney Calculi ; microbiology ; Male

No abstract available.
Acute Kidney Injury/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Biopsy ; Humans ; Kidney/*microbiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae/drug effects/*isolation & purification ; Nephritis/diagnosis/drug therapy/*microbiology ; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma/diagnosis/drug therapy/*microbiology ; Skin Diseases, Bacterial/diagnosis/drug therapy/*microbiology ; Steroids/therapeutic use ; Treatment Outcome ; Vasculitis/diagnosis/drug therapy/*microbiology

Thirty turtles (15 Clemys mutica and 15 Geoclemys reevesii) which were inoculated with human sera those were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B "e" antigen (HBeAg) were found to be infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). The levels of HBV infection markers, such as HBsAg and antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBsAg), were retinely monitored in the turtles' serum for 46 weeks. Within two weeks of the inoculation, 42% of the turtles tested were positive for HBsAg, and their reciprocal titers as measured by reverse passive hemagglutination (RPHA) and enzyme linked immunoabsorbance assay (ELISA) ranged from 16 to 96. Within 20 weeks, the remaining turtles tested HBsAg positive, as confirmed by ELISA. At 20 weeks, all but one of the turtles exhibited changes in HBV blood marker from HBsAg to anti-HBs; the one exception was positive for both HBsAg and anti-HBs. At the 47th week, 7 animals were killed and their organs were examined for HBV infected cells utilizing an immunofluorescent technique. Numerous fluorescent cells which reacted with human anti-HBs nad anti-HBc were observed in the following organs: pancreas, liver, kidney, and brain. Histopathologically, edematous changes in hepatocytes and minor cellular infiltration attributed to an inflammatory response were noted. Liver and kidney cells from the infected animals were cultured, and HBV antigen positive cells for HBsAg and HBcAg were detected in the cultures. Throughout the experiment, HBsAg was detected in the supernatant by ELISA. Virus particles which were indistinguishable from Dane particles were seen in the cytoplasmic vacuoles of the cultured cells by electron microscopy. Finally, the presence of HBV DNA was established by molecular hybridization techniques in the culture supernatants of kidney cells from the infected turtles.
Animal ; Hepatitis B/microbiology/transmission/*veterinary ; Hepatitis B Antibodies/isolation and purification ; Hepatitis B Core Antigens/isolation and purification ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/isolation and purification ; Human ; Kidney/microbiology ; Liver/microbiology/pathology ; Turtles/*microbiology

OBJECTIVETo understand the epidemic status of Rickettsia in Xinyang areas of Henan province.

METHODSSamples including liver, spleen, kidney from mouse and chigger mites from Xinyang areas and serum samples were detected by nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA).

RESULTSIn 62 viscus samples from mice organs, the positive rates were 16.13%, 8.06% and 6.45% for Orientia tsutsugamushi, R. typhii and Spotted fever group rickettsiae respectively. In blood clots samples from mice, the positive rates were 8.06%, 6.45% and 1.61 % for O. tsutsugamushi, R. typhii and Spotted fever group rickettsiae respectively. Three out of 26 mouse serum samples were positive for the predicted fluorexcent intensity O. tsutsugamushi.

CONCLUSIONUsing nested-PCR and IFA methods, O. tsutsugamushi, R. typhii and Spotted fever group rickettsiae were detected in the captured mice living in Xinyang areas of Henan province. Results showed that there were intensive natural reserviors of Rickettsia in Henan province, suggesting that the risk of outbreak of Rickettsia in these areas was high.

Animals ; China ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect ; Humans ; Kidney ; microbiology ; Liver ; microbiology ; Mice ; Orientia tsutsugamushi ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; pathogenicity ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rickettsia ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; pathogenicity ; Scrub Typhus ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Spleen ; microbiology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the potential role of intestinal bifidobacteria in the pathogenesis of gut-origin bacteria/endotoxin translocation in scalded rats.

METHODSWistar rats inflicted with 30% III degree scalding on the back were employed as the model with the rats undergoing sham injury as the control. The intestinal bacteria/endotoxin translocation and the changes in cecal mucosal microflora were determined by routine methods. And the plasma IL-6 concentration was measured with ELISA.

RESULTSThe incident of bacterial translocation into internal organs increased markedly in scalded rats (P = 0.001). The plasma LPS levels on 1, 3 and 5 postburn days (PBDs) in scalded rat group were much higher than those in sham injury group. The number of bifidobacteria decreased sharply 20 - 250 fold, the fungi increased 5 - 60 fold and E. coli increased 0.5 - 30 fold in the caecal mucosal microflora in the scalding group. The ratio of bifidobacteria to E. coli in the scalding group (4 - 800:1) was much lower than that in the sham injury group (25000:1). Furthermore, the plasma IL-6 level increased evidently in the scalding group. It was indicated by further analysis that compared with the rats without bacterial translocation, the bifidobacteria decreased 120 fold, the fungal number increased 50 fold and the E. coli number increased 30 fold in the scalded rats. The bifidobacterial number in the caecal mucosal microflora was negatively correlated with the plasma concentrations of IL-6 and LPS (P < 0.01) in the scalding rat group, and the plasma concentration of IL-6 was significantly and positively correlated with that of LPS.

CONCLUSIONSevere scalding injury could lead to an the imbalance of intestinal microflora and the increased intestinal translocation of bacteria and LPS. The decrease of the ratio and number of bifidobacteria in the caecal mucosal microflora might be a contribute to the occurrence of postburn intestinal bacteria/endotoxin translocation.

Animals ; Bacterial Infections ; blood ; microbiology ; Bacterial Translocation ; physiology ; Bifidobacterium ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Burns ; microbiology ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Escherichia coli ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Female ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Intestines ; microbiology ; Kidney ; microbiology ; Lipopolysaccharides ; metabolism ; Liver ; microbiology ; Lymph Nodes ; microbiology ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Spleen ; microbiology ; Time Factors