Humans ; Kidney ; metabolism ; pathology ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; metabolism ; therapy ; Kidney Transplantation ; Leptin ; metabolism ; Renal Replacement Therapy

Animals ; Big Data ; Humans ; Kidney ; metabolism ; pathology ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; metabolism ; pathology ; Natural Language Processing ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; metabolism ; pathology

Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Glomerulus ; metabolism ; pathology ; Lipoproteins ; metabolism ; Male ; Nephrosis, Lipoid ; metabolism ; pathology

Acute kidney injury (AKI) refers to a clinical syndrome in which renal function declines rapidly in a short period of time caused by various pathological factors. During the development of AKI, renal tubules with the functions of reabsorption and excretion are prone to cell death due to external pathological stimuli, which is an important cause of impaired renal function. In recent years, a variety of new cell death pathways have been gradually recognized. Researchers have now found that regulated cell death (RCD), such as necroptosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis, are important regulatory mechanisms of AKI. This article will summarize the research advances of various types of RCD involved in the process of AKI, aiming to deepen the understanding of AKI and provide innovative thoughts for the clinical treatment of AKI.
Acute Kidney Injury/metabolism* ; Cell Death ; Humans ; Kidney/metabolism* ; Necroptosis ; Necrosis/pathology* ; Regulated Cell Death

Klotho is highly expressed in the kidney, while soluble Klotho is detectable in the blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid, and has multiple hormone-like functions. The role of Klotho in kidney injury has attracted more and more attentions from researchers. Emerging evidence revealed that the transient deficiency of Klotho is an early event of acute kidney injury (AKI), whereas, in chronic kidney disease, this deficiency is sustained not only in the kidney, but also in other organ systems. Therefore, Klotho could be a potential biomarker for early diagnosis of AKI, as well as for its progression to chronic kidney disease. Moreover, Klotho might have therapeutic value to renal injury. Nevertheless, there are only few studies on the involvement of Klotho in post AKI repair. This review focused on the role of Klotho in not only kidney injury, but also its repair, in particular the relationship between Klotho and cell fate (autophagy/apoptosis/necrosis), repair/regeneration, Wnt/β-catenin and erythropoietin receptor, one of the Klotho effectors.
Acute Kidney Injury ; metabolism ; Biomarkers ; Disease Progression ; Glucuronidase ; physiology ; Humans ; Kidney ; metabolism ; pathology ; Signal Transduction

Animals ; Brain ; pathology ; Hydroxyproline ; metabolism ; Kidney ; pathology ; Liver ; pathology ; Lung ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Paraquat ; metabolism ; poisoning ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinicopathological manifestations of early renal amyloidosis (AL) and its diagnostic criteria.

METHODSFifteen cases with early renal amyloidosis admitted from 1994 to 2001 were collected from the hospital, and their clinical and pathological features were reviewed. Of them, the initial diagnoses were not made by depending findings from the light microscopy (LM) and immunofluorescense (IF), but confirmed by electron microscopy (EM) afterwards. Immuno-electron microscopy (IEM) were applied for amyloidosis typing.

RESULTSMost patients of early renal AL were in the middle to old age. Nephrotic syndrome was the most prominent symptoms and signs accompanying with rare microscopic hematuria and hypertension. Most of them had a normal renal function. Pathological examinations of renal biopsies using LM and IF showed mild mesangial proliferation and mild thickening of glomerular basement membrane (GBM). Immunoglobulins and complements were negative or only scanty in certain cases, but in all cases there was a light chain protein deposition homogeously. There were 4 cases of minimal change glomerulopathy, 5 cases of mild mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, 5 cases of stage I membranous nephropathy, and 1 case of cast nephropathy diagnosed with LM. The amyloid fibrils (diameter 8 - 10 nm) were randomly distributed in the mesangium, along GBM and at the arteriolar wall under EM. Additionally, Congo red staining was positive. IEM demonstrated that amyloid fibrils labeled with colloid gold was combined with a kind of light chain protein which was confirmed as the light chain type of AL.

CONCLUSIONSThe diagnosis of early renal AL was occasionally neglected by depending only findings of LM and LF. However, special amyloid fibrils can be detected using EM. EM observation is an indispensable technique for the diagnosis of early renal AL and the typing of AL may further be determined by using IEM.

Adult ; Aged ; Amyloidosis ; metabolism ; pathology ; Basement Membrane ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin Light Chains ; metabolism ; Kidney Diseases ; metabolism ; pathology ; Kidney Glomerulus ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Microscopy, Immunoelectron ; Middle Aged

OBJECTIVETo investigate the prevalence of PLA2R1 in renal biopsy specimens of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) and explore the relationship between PLA2R1 and IMN.

METHODSA total of 108 adult patients with biopsy-proved glomerular diseases were enrolled in this study, including 41 with IMN, 2 with hepatitis B-associated membranous nephropathy, 8 with V lupus nephritis, 27 with IgA nephropathy, 19 with minimal change nephropathy, 5 with mild mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, and 6 with focal segmental glomeruloselerosis (FSGS). Indirect immunofluorescence assay was used to detect PLA2R1 in the biopsy specimens and the clinical variables of the IMN patients were analyzed.

RESULTSIn 35 of the 41 (85.37%) patients with IMN, PLA2R1 was detected with a fine granular pattern in the subepithelial deposits along the glomerular capillary loops. PLA2R1 antigen was not detected in patients with other glomerulopathies. No significant differences were found in age, serum creatinine, serum albumin, or 24-h urinary protein level between PLA2R1-positive and negative patients with IMN (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONAccording to our results, 85.37% of adult patients with biopsy-proven IMN are positive for PLA2R1 antigen, which, however, does not contribute to variations of the patients' clinical manifestations.

Adult ; Biopsy ; Glomerulonephritis, Membranous ; metabolism ; Humans ; Kidney ; metabolism ; pathology ; Kidney Function Tests ; Kidney Glomerulus ; pathology ; Nephrosis, Lipoid ; metabolism ; Receptors, Phospholipase A2 ; metabolism

Aged ; Angiomyolipoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Kidney Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Leiomyoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Lymphocytes ; pathology ; Male ; Nephrectomy ; Neurilemmoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; S100 Proteins ; metabolism

Female ; Glomerulonephritis, IGA ; metabolism ; pathology ; Glomerulonephritis, Membranous ; metabolism ; pathology ; Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Kidney ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; metabolism ; pathology