No abstract available.
17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone*

OBJECTIVE: Internal carotid artery (ICA) trunk aneurysms are rare constituting about 0.9 to 6.5% of all ICA aneurysms. They may arise from medial, lateral, ventral (posterior) or dorsal (anterior) walls of ICA. The most frequent site of origin is dorsomedial, followed by dorsal, dorsolateral and ventromedial wall. ICA dorsal wall aneurysms can be divided into the saccular type and blister type, which have different shapes, wall histological features and surgical tactics. The authors report an analysis of 27 cases of ICA trunk aneurysms treated with surgical clipping or GDC embolization. METHODS: Of 145 cases of ICA aneurysms from May 1998 to December 2005, we found 27 cases (17.5%) of such unusual aneurysms located at nonbranching sites of the intradural ICA. Features of neuroimagings and medical records were analyzed. RESULTS: Out of 27 aneurysms, 10 were located at ICA dorsal wall, 8 aneurysms were developed at ICA medialwall. Seven aneurysms originated from ICA ventral wall. Seven cases presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage and 20 cases were found unruptured. Two patients had blister-like aneurysm, and the others had saccular aneurysms. All patients were treated successfully with microsurgical clippings or GDC embolization. Microsurgical clipping were performed in 14 cases and among them, removal of anterior clinoid process was done in 12 cases. Eleven aneurysms were occluded with detachabel coil. Two patients underwent balloon occlusion of ICA. Blister aneurysm was clipped including a portion of the normal ICA wall. Good outcomes were obtained in 25 patients, and two patients were dead. CONCLUSION: ICA trunk aneurysms are developed at any site of ICA circumference. Therefore we consider a variety of treatment strategies. On clipping of aneurysms at proximal ICA trunk, removal of anterior clinoid process is important. Endovascular treatment may be good an alternative. However, surgical treatment is essential for blister like aneurysms.
Aneurysm* ; Balloon Occlusion ; Blister ; Carotid Artery, Internal* ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; Medical Records ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ; Surgical Instruments

Injuries and pains of musculoskeletal joint in human body is common onset in industrialized world. However, muscle fatigue plays a very significant role in contributing causes of many pains associated with musculoskeletal joints. Based on this hypothesis, degree of muscle fatigue was investigated using electromyography measurement technique during isometric and concentric/eccentric muscle contractions. Different response of the muscle fatigue between two different muscle contractions (isometric and concentric/eccentric contractions) was examined by comparison of parameters which were median frequency, median power and RMS value. Healthy 16 young persons without previous musculoskeletal diesease history were tested with Noraxon Myosystem 2000 EMG measurement system. In this study, two different exercises were performed. First exercise was concentric/eccentric exercise. Second exercise was isometric muscle contraction. In the case of the isometric exercise, median frequency was decreased, but median power and RMS were increased. However, during the concentric/eccentric exercse, median frequency was increased, but median power and RMS were decreased. Both of those revealed that the pattern of the median frequency was W type, but median power and RMS were M type as time passed. In this study, the patterns of the muscle fatigue during concentric/eccentric exercise as well as isometric exercise were identified. It will be helpful to prevent musculoskeletal injury from over-working andexercising.
Electromyography* ; Exercise ; Human Body ; Humans ; Joints ; Muscle Contraction ; Muscle Fatigue*

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic condition characterized by hyperglycemia. While lifestyle modifications and oral medications are initial treatments, many patients require injectable therapies like insulin and incretin-based drugs. Insulin therapy, a cornerstone treatment for T2DM, can effectively control blood sugar but is associated with hypoglycemia and weight gain. Incretin-based therapies, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists offer improved glycemic control, weight loss, and reduced cardiovascular risk. Recent studies have shown the superiority of incretin-based therapies over basal insulin. Among these, GLP-1/GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) receptor dual agonists like tirzepatide have demonstrated significant weight loss and improved glycemic control. Selection of injectable therapy should be individualized based on factors like glycemic goals, cardiovascular risk, hypoglycemia risk, and patient preference. While insulin remains a useful option, incretin-based therapies, especially newer agents, offer promising therapeutic benefits for many patients with T2DM.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic condition characterized by hyperglycemia. While lifestyle modifications and oral medications are initial treatments, many patients require injectable therapies like insulin and incretin-based drugs. Insulin therapy, a cornerstone treatment for T2DM, can effectively control blood sugar but is associated with hypoglycemia and weight gain. Incretin-based therapies, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists offer improved glycemic control, weight loss, and reduced cardiovascular risk. Recent studies have shown the superiority of incretin-based therapies over basal insulin. Among these, GLP-1/GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) receptor dual agonists like tirzepatide have demonstrated significant weight loss and improved glycemic control. Selection of injectable therapy should be individualized based on factors like glycemic goals, cardiovascular risk, hypoglycemia risk, and patient preference. While insulin remains a useful option, incretin-based therapies, especially newer agents, offer promising therapeutic benefits for many patients with T2DM.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic condition characterized by hyperglycemia. While lifestyle modifications and oral medications are initial treatments, many patients require injectable therapies like insulin and incretin-based drugs. Insulin therapy, a cornerstone treatment for T2DM, can effectively control blood sugar but is associated with hypoglycemia and weight gain. Incretin-based therapies, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists offer improved glycemic control, weight loss, and reduced cardiovascular risk. Recent studies have shown the superiority of incretin-based therapies over basal insulin. Among these, GLP-1/GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) receptor dual agonists like tirzepatide have demonstrated significant weight loss and improved glycemic control. Selection of injectable therapy should be individualized based on factors like glycemic goals, cardiovascular risk, hypoglycemia risk, and patient preference. While insulin remains a useful option, incretin-based therapies, especially newer agents, offer promising therapeutic benefits for many patients with T2DM.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic condition characterized by hyperglycemia. While lifestyle modifications and oral medications are initial treatments, many patients require injectable therapies like insulin and incretin-based drugs. Insulin therapy, a cornerstone treatment for T2DM, can effectively control blood sugar but is associated with hypoglycemia and weight gain. Incretin-based therapies, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists offer improved glycemic control, weight loss, and reduced cardiovascular risk. Recent studies have shown the superiority of incretin-based therapies over basal insulin. Among these, GLP-1/GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) receptor dual agonists like tirzepatide have demonstrated significant weight loss and improved glycemic control. Selection of injectable therapy should be individualized based on factors like glycemic goals, cardiovascular risk, hypoglycemia risk, and patient preference. While insulin remains a useful option, incretin-based therapies, especially newer agents, offer promising therapeutic benefits for many patients with T2DM.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic condition characterized by hyperglycemia. While lifestyle modifications and oral medications are initial treatments, many patients require injectable therapies like insulin and incretin-based drugs. Insulin therapy, a cornerstone treatment for T2DM, can effectively control blood sugar but is associated with hypoglycemia and weight gain. Incretin-based therapies, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists offer improved glycemic control, weight loss, and reduced cardiovascular risk. Recent studies have shown the superiority of incretin-based therapies over basal insulin. Among these, GLP-1/GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) receptor dual agonists like tirzepatide have demonstrated significant weight loss and improved glycemic control. Selection of injectable therapy should be individualized based on factors like glycemic goals, cardiovascular risk, hypoglycemia risk, and patient preference. While insulin remains a useful option, incretin-based therapies, especially newer agents, offer promising therapeutic benefits for many patients with T2DM.

No abstract available.

Pneumoperitoneum associated with a pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and subcutaneous emphysema during intubation and positive ventilation has rarely been reported. In general, such a pneumoperitoneum requires conservative treatment; therefore, it should be distinguished from pneumoperitoneum associated with a hollow viscus perforation. Our case involved a 47-year-old man treated with intubation and positive ventilation for the maintenance of airway patency. Not only a pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema but also free intra-abdominal gas was observed on the chest X-ray. No evidence of a hollow viscus perforation was found on physical examination and the upper gastrointestinal series. The patient was treated conservatively for 10 days; then, the pneumoperitoneum, the pneumothorax, the pnenumomediastinum, and the subcutaneous emphysema disappeared. In this report, we reviewed the clinical significance and the anatomical relation of pneumoperitoneum associated with a pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and subcutaneous emphysema.
Humans ; Intubation* ; Mediastinal Emphysema* ; Middle Aged ; Physical Examination ; Pneumoperitoneum* ; Pneumothorax* ; Subcutaneous Emphysema ; Thorax ; Ventilation*