Zolpidem is a non-benzodiazepine drug that has selectivity for the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. We experienced paradoxical effect of zolpidem in a 48-year-old male patient with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury after cardiac arrest. The patient was in stupor and could not communicate. His Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was E2M4V2 and Rancho Los Amigos (RLA) was grade III to IV. Zolpidem was prescribed to induce sedation but paradoxically, he became alert (GCS 15, RLA VII) and was able to communicate. The arousal lasted for 2 hours repeatedly following each administration of the medication. While he was alert, electroencephalogram showed the reversal of slow wave into beta range fast activity and F-18 flumazenil positron emission tomography (PET) showed increased GABAergic receptor activity in both frontoparietotemporal cortices. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) also showed increased cerebral perfusion and reversal of cerebellar diaschisis.
Anoxia ; Arousal* ; Brain Injuries ; Electroencephalography ; Electrons* ; Flumazenil* ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ; Glasgow Coma Scale ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Perfusion ; Positron-Emission Tomography* ; Stupor ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon*

Groin pain in athletes is a complex diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Sports hernia is one of the common causes of groin pain. We report a case of sports hernia, initially presented as groin pain and aggravated by sports activity. A 19-year-old soccer player visited the outpatient department of general surgery and was referred to the rehabilitation center due to no abnormalities detected in the abdomen and pelvis by computed tomography. An incipient direct bulge of the posterior inguinal wall was detected with dynamic ultrasound when abdominal tension was induced by raising both legs during a full inhalation. Surgery was performed and preoperatively both groins showed the presence of inguinal hernia. Diagnosing sports hernia is very challenging. Through careful history documentation and physical examination followed by dynamic ultrasonography, we identified his posterior inguinal wall deficiency for early management.
Abdomen ; Athletes ; Athletic Injuries ; Diagnosis* ; Groin* ; Hernia* ; Hernia, Inguinal ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Leg ; Outpatients ; Pelvis ; Physical Examination* ; Rehabilitation Centers ; Soccer ; Sports* ; Ultrasonography* ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To compare the long-term effect and safety of an epidural steroid injection in spinal stenosis patients, with or without local anesthetics. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients diagnosed with spinal stenosis were included and randomly divided into two groups. Translaminar epidural and selective nerve root spinal injection procedures were performed using steroids mixed with local anesthetics or normal saline. The effects of spinal injection procedures were measured with visual analogue scale (VAS) and functional rate index (FRI). These measurements were performed before injection, at 1 month after injection and at 3 months after injection. The occurrence of side effects was investigated each time. RESULTS: The VAS and FRI scores were significantly reduced in both the local anesthetics group and normal saline group at 1 and 3 months after the injection. However, there was no significant difference in VAS and FRI score reduction between the two groups each time. Side effects are not noted in both groups. CONCLUSION: The spinal injection procedures using steroids mixed either with local anesthetics or normal saline have an effect in reducing pain and improving functional activities. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in relation to side effects and the long-term effects of pain and function.
Anesthetics ; Anesthetics, Local* ; Humans ; Injections, Epidural ; Injections, Spinal ; Spinal Stenosis* ; Steroids

Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) is a rare systemic vasculitis that affect small and medium-sized blood vessels and is accompanied by asthma, eosinophilia, and peripheral neuropathy. This report describes a case of a 52-year-old man who had a history of sinusitis, asthma, and thymus cancer and who had complained of bilateral lower extremity paresthesia and weakness for a month. Peripheral neuropathy was detected by electrodiagnostic studies. Resection of a mediastinal mass, which was diagnosed as thymic neuroendocrine carcinoma, was performed five months before his visit. After thymectomy, peripheral blood tests revealed a gradual increase in eosinophils. Two months after surgery, he was admitted to the hospital for dyspnea, and nodules of focal consolidation were found in his chest X-ray. One month later, pyoderma occurred in the right shin, and the skin biopsy showed extravascular eosinophilic infiltration. He was diagnosed with CSS after thymectomy, and we report a very rare case of CSS presented with thymic neuroendocrine carcinoma.
Asthma ; Biopsy ; Blood Vessels ; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine* ; Churg-Strauss Syndrome* ; Diagnosis* ; Dyspnea ; Eosinophilia ; Eosinophils ; Hematologic Tests ; Humans ; Lower Extremity ; Middle Aged ; Paresthesia ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases ; Polyneuropathies ; Pyoderma ; Sinusitis ; Skin ; Systemic Vasculitis ; Thorax ; Thymectomy ; Thymus Neoplasms

Piriformis syndrome (PS) is an uncommon neuromuscular disorder caused by the piriformis muscle (PM) compressing the sciatic nerve (SN). The main symptom of PS is sciatica, which worsens with certain triggering conditions. Because the pathophysiology is poorly understood, there are no definite diagnostic and therapeutic choices for PS. This case report presents a young woman who mainly complained of bilateral leg weakness. Electromyography revealed bilateral sciatic neuropathy and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed structural lesions causing entrapment of the bilateral SNs. After a laborious diagnosis of bilateral PS, she underwent PM releasing surgery. Few PS cases present with bilateral symptoms and leg weakness. Therefore, in such cases, a high level of suspicion is necessary for accurate and prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Diagnosis ; Electromyography ; Female ; Humans ; Leg* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Muscle Weakness ; Piriformis Muscle Syndrome* ; Sciatic Nerve ; Sciatic Neuropathy ; Sciatica

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of intensive neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT) on gross motor function for the children having developmental delay (DD), with or without cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS: Forty-two children had intensive NDT three times weekly, 60 minutes a day, for 3 months, immediately followed by conventional NDT once or twice a week, 30 minutes a day, for another 3 months. We assessed Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) over three time points: before conventional NDT, before and after intensive NDT, and after 3 months of additional conventional NDT. RESULTS: The GMFM score in DD children significantly improved after intensive NDT, and the improvement maintained after 3 months of conventional NDT (p<0.05). The children were further divided into two groups: DD with CP and DD without CP. Both groups showed significant improvement and maintained the improvements, after intensive NDT (p<0.05). Also, there was no significant difference in treatment efficacy between the two groups. When we calculate the absence rate for comparing the compliance between intensive and conventional NDT, the absence rate was lower during the intensive NDT. CONCLUSION: Intensive NDT showed significantly improved gross motor function and higher compliance than conventional NDT. Additionally, all improvements were maintained through subsequent short-term conventional NDT. Thus, we recommend the intensive NDT program by day-hospital centers for children with DD, irrespective of accompanying CP.
Cerebral Palsy* ; Child* ; Compliance ; Developmental Disabilities ; Disability Evaluation ; Humans ; Rehabilitation ; Treatment Outcome

Pseudoachalasia secondary to primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the liver is extremely rare and has not been reported until now. Here, we report a unique case of primary SCC of the liver initially presenting with progressive dysphagia along with short periods of significant weight loss. A 58-year-old man initially presented with progressive dysphagia along with significant weight loss over brief periods of time. The radiographic and manometric findings were consistent with achalasia. Subsequent esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a moderately dilated esophagus without evidence of neoplasm or organic obstruction. However, firm resistance was encountered while traversing the esophagogastric junction (EGJ), although no mucosal lesion was identified. Due to the clinical suspicion of the presence of a malignant tumor, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and computed tomography scans of the chest and abdomen were obtained. A huge hepatic mass with irregular margins extending to the EGJ was found. EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration was performed, and the mass was diagnosed as a primary SCC of the liver by immunohistochemical staining.
Abdomen ; Biopsy, Fine-Needle ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Deglutition Disorders ; Endoscopy, Digestive System ; Endosonography ; Esophageal Achalasia ; Esophagogastric Junction ; Esophagus ; Humans ; Liver ; Middle Aged ; Thorax ; Weight Loss

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect on pain reduction and strengthening of the whole body vibration (WBV) in chronic knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: Patients were randomly divided into two groups: the study group (WBV with home based exercise) and control group (home based exercise only). They performed exercise and training for 8 weeks. Eleven patients in each group completed the study. Pain intensity was measured with the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), functional scales were measured with Korean Western Ontario McMaster score (KWOMAC) and Lysholm Scoring Scale (LSS), quadriceps strength was measured with isokinetic torque and isometric torque and dynamic balance was measured with the Biodex Stability System. These measurements were performed before training, at 1 month after training and at 2 months after training. RESULTS: NRS was significantly decreased in each group, and change of pain intensity was significantly larger in the study group than in the control group after treatment. Functional improvements in KWOMAC and LSS were found in both groups, but no significant differences between the groups after treatment. Dynamic balance, isokinetic strength of right quadriceps and isometric strengths of both quadriceps muscles improved in both groups, but no significant differences between the groups after treatment. Isokinetic strength of left quadriceps did not improve in both groups after treatment. CONCLUSION: In chronic knee OA patients, WBV reduced pain intensity and increased strength of the right quadriceps and dynamic balance performance. In comparison with the home based exercise program, WBV was superior only in pain reduction and similarly effective in strengthening of the quadriceps muscle and balance improvement.
Humans ; Knee ; Muscle Strength ; Ontario ; Osteoarthritis ; Osteoarthritis, Knee ; Quadriceps Muscle ; Torque ; Vibration ; Weights and Measures

OBJECTIVE: To confirm a relationship between the pharyngeal response and bolus volume, and examine whether increasing the fluid bolus volume can improve penetration and aspiration for stroke dysphagic patients. METHODS: Ten stroke patients with a delayed pharyngeal response problem confirmed by a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) were enrolled. Each subject completed two swallows each of 2 mL, 5 mL, and 10 mL of barium liquid thinned with water. The pharyngeal delay time (PDT) and penetration-aspiration scale (PAS) were measured and the changes among the different volumes were analyzed. RESULTS: PDTs were shortened significantly when 5 mL and 10 mL of thin barium were swallowed compared to 2 mL. However, there was no significant difference in PAS as the bolus volume increased. CONCLUSION: The increased fluid bolus volume reduced the pharyngeal delay time, but did not affect the penetration and aspiration status.
Barium ; Deglutition Disorders* ; Deglutition* ; Fluoroscopy ; Humans ; Pilot Projects* ; Reaction Time ; Respiratory Aspiration ; Stroke ; Swallows ; Water

Falls and fall-related injuries are important issue among polio survivors. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of, and consequences and factors associated with falls among Korean polio survivors. A total of 317 polio survivors participated in this study. All participants completed a questionnaire including fall history, symptoms related to post-polio syndrome and other information through a telephone interview. Among them, 80 participants visited our clinic for additional physical measurements and tests. Of the 317 respondents, 68.5% reported at least one fall in the past year. Of the fallers, 42.5% experienced at least one fall during one month. Most falls occurred during ambulation (76.6%), outside (75.2%) and by slipping down (29.7%). Of fallers, 45% reported any injuries caused by falls, and 23.3% reported fractures specifically. Female sex, old age, low bone mineral density, the presence of symptoms related to post-polio syndrome (PPS), poor balance confidence, short physical performance battery and weak muscle strength of knee extensor were not significantly associated with falls. Only leg-length discrepancy using spine-malleolar distance (SMD) was a significant factor associated with falls among Korean polio survivors. Our findings suggest that malalignment between the paralytic and non-paralytic limb length should be addressed in polio survivors for preventing falls.
Accidental Falls/*statistics & numerical data ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Female ; Fractures, Bone/etiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Interviews as Topic ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome/*pathology ; Postural Balance ; Republic of Korea ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Telephone ; Young Adult