Schirmer test and tear film break up time(BUT) were performed in 126 patients who complained of nonspecific conjunctival symptomps. The mean value of Schirmer test was 7.85mm/5min and the mean value of the BUT was 9.68sec. Marked decrease was shown in comparison with previously studied normal values of Korean and according to these results, dry eye was suspicious. Same as for normal eyes, there was no relationship between the Schirmer test and BUT in this study. So, Schirmer test and BUT with detailed slit lamp exam should be necessary for those who complain of tearing, foreign body sensation and visual disturbances and these may helpful for diagnosis and treatment of dry eye patients.
Diagnosis ; Foreign Bodies ; Humans ; Reference Values ; Sensation ; Tears

The recent development of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) now permits the collection of pure human pancreatic secretions via duodenoscopic cannulation. Study objectives are evaluation of exocrine pancreatic function and analysis of pure pancreatic juice collected by use of ERCP technique in subjects without pancreatic disease. From March to July 1993, we performed ERCP and collection of pure pancreatic juice in 10 patients without evidence of pancreatic disease. (continue...)
Catheterization* ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Duodenoscopy ; Humans ; Pancreatic Diseases ; Pancreatic Juice*

PURPOSE: Oncogen or growth factor receptor such as phospholipase C isoenzyme gamma-1 (PLC gamma-1), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and Her-2/neu which related with tyrosin kinasemay and then regulating vell proliferation may have a role as prognostic factors for breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: With assumption that expression of PLC gamma-1, EGFR and Her-2/neu oncogene has close relationship with prognosis of breast cancer, 59 breast cancer patients who were operated upon at Korea University Hospital during a period of 6 years starting June 1988 to May 1994 were selected for this study. This study was carried out by comparing between expression of PLC gamma-1, EGFR and Her-2/neu oncogene and patient's survival rate. These expression were also compared with TNM system, estrogen and progesterone receptor and at same time these expressions were compared with each other to see whether there are any relationship among these expression. RESULTS: Expression of PLC gamma-1, EGFR and Her-2/neu were present in 42% (25/59), 46% (27/59) and 20% (12/59). The expression of PLC gamma-1 was closely related with the expression of EGFR (p<0.05) and Her-2/neu (p<0.05), but there were no relationship between the expression of PLC gamma-1 and hormonal receptors and TNM stage (p>0.05). The expression of EGFR was closely related with the expression of Her-2/neu (p<0.05) and hormone receptors (p<0.05), but there were no relationship between the expression of EGFR and pathologic TNM stage (p>0.05). The expression of Her-2/neu was not closely related with hormone receptors and TNM stage except axillary lymph node metastasis. There were close relationship between overall and disease free survival and PLC gamma-1 and Her-2/neu. But EGFR had only related with disease free survival rate. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the expression of PLC gamma-1, EGFR and Her-2/neu oncogene in human breast cancer may be useful prognostic factors independently and it may potentiated its individual value as a prognostic factors if use them together.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Disease-Free Survival ; Epidermal Growth Factor* ; Estrogens ; Humans* ; Korea ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Oncogenes ; Phospholipases* ; Prognosis ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor* ; Receptors, Progesterone ; Survival Rate ; Type C Phospholipases*

The bone scanning has been routinely used for initial report in 1970s showed a high incidence of positive-up to 45%-results in preoperative assessment of these patients. But recent reports have questioned the routine use of bone scanning in preoperative basis by the result of much lower positive result as rate less than 1%. On this point, we analyzed 224 cases of breast cancer, which were operatively managed in the period from January 1990 to January 1995 at the department of surgery, Korea university medical center. All the cases were performed bone scanning preoperatively and followed up more than 3 months. The analytic evaluation was done about age, stage of disease, serum alkaline phosphatase level according to menopausal status and its correlation to the result of bone scanning. The result was 14 positive cases(6.3%) from bone scanning in 224 breast cancer cases, but only 8 cases(3.6%) were true positive with bone metastasis. While 35 stage I cases and 69 stage IIa ones had no true positive, 1 among 63 stage IIb cases(1.6%), 5 among 46 stage IIIa cases(10.9%) and 2 among 11 of stage IIIb ones(18.2%) had true positive. There were high bone metastasis rate in premenopausal patients(5/108 cases, 4.6%) than postmenopausal patients(3/116, 2.6%) (p<0.05). The alkaline phosphatase level shows no significant differences between true positive and other groups(p>0.05). All true positive patients' alkaline phosphatase level shows within normal limits. According to this result, we think that preoperative bone scanning is unnecessary as a routine procedure in Stage I and IIa breast cancer patients. Stage IIb needs more and further study for confirming the indication of bone scanning as combinations with other predictive indicator or symptoms. About Stage III disease, we conclude the bone scanning is absolutely helpful.
Academic Medical Centers ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Korea ; Neoplasm Metastasis*

PURPOSE: Body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA) is a very useful method of analysing body composition in many diseases. BIA is a simple, rapid, non-invasive and reproducible technique. There was no comparative analysis between obese and healthy children. A comparative analysis between obese and healthy children is needed to assess the effect of excercise and other interventions in the management of childhood obesity. This study is designed to analyze and compare the body composition and body fat percent measured by BIA in healthy and obese children. METHODS: Height and weight were measured. BIA was done in healthy and obese children. Body compositions were analyzed with fat mass, lean body mass, body fat percent, protein, mineral, intracellular fluid(ICF), and extracellular fluid(ECF). RESULTS: Fat mass, fat percent, ICF, and ECF were significantly higher in the obese group. Resistances were significantly lower in the obese group. The amounts of ICF and ECF were significantly higher in obese group. Fat mass showed more significant correlation with ICF and ECF than body mass index. CONCLUSION: Body composition analysis using bioelectrical impedance(BI) is considered as very useful diagnostic method in the evaluation and treatment in childhood obesity. Epidemiologic study will be needed to determine the diagnostic criteria of obesity by BI.
Adipose Tissue ; Body Composition* ; Body Mass Index ; Child* ; Electric Impedance* ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Humans ; Obesity ; Pediatric Obesity

In spite of high-dose, hyperventilation, hyperosmolar agents, appropriate surgical evacuation, and cerebrospinal fluid when possible, uncontrolled intracranial hypertension, which was defined as occurring when intracranial pressure(ICP) exceeded 25 mmHg for 2 hours or more, occurred in 8 patients. Persistent elevated ICP occurred in 4 patient with acute subdural hematoma and brain contusion, in 2 patients with aneurysm and brain infarction, in 1 patient with hypertensive intracerebral hematoma, and in 1 patient with meningioma. All of these patients received intravenous barbiturate to control the ICP. The initial thiopental loading dose(10mg/kg) effectively reduced the ICP in 5 patients(62.5%). In those patients responding to the initial loading dose, four have survived, and one died due to pulmonary complication. None of three nonresponders to barbiturate survived. Two of the survivors have returned to a productive life, and two ramain moderately disabled. The favorable outcome in this series suggests that early aggresive treatment of intracranial hypertension with barbiturate and careful attention to medical complications can improve the outcome in patients with uncontrolled intracranial hypertension, with barbiturate and careful attention to medical complications can improve the outcome in patients with uncontrolled intracranial hypertension, especially in postoperative state. A broader investigation of the clinical application of barbiturates in indicated.
Aneurysm ; Barbiturates ; Brain Infarction ; Brain Injuries ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Coma* ; Hematoma ; Hematoma, Subdural, Acute ; Humans ; Hyperventilation ; Intracranial Hypertension* ; Meningioma ; Survivors ; Thiopental

PURPOSE: To report a case of mycotic aneurysm of the cerebral basilar artery associated with bilateral endogenous aspergillus endophthalmitis. CASE SUMMARY: A 41-year-old man with no underlying disease presented with decreased vision in both eyes. The patient was diagnosed with bilateral endogenous endophthalmitis, and the authors performed a vitrectomy and lensectomy on the right eye. Hyphae were detected in the vitreous sample, and systemic amphotericin was administered. Three days after the operation, the patient became comatose due to a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Aspergillus antigen was detected in the vitreous sample and in the cerebrospinal fluid. Subarachnoid hemorrhage was due to the rupture of a mycotic aneurysm of the cranial basilar artery, complicated by aspergillus infection of the central nervous system.
Adult ; Amphotericin B ; Aneurysm, Infected ; Aspergillus ; Basilar Artery ; Central Nervous System ; Coma ; Endophthalmitis ; Eye ; Humans ; Hyphae ; Rupture ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ; Vision, Ocular ; Vitrectomy

No abstract available.
Capillaries* ; DNA* ; Vacuum*

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the findings of rectal intussusception and to find the other accompanied functional anorectal diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed defecograms in 25 patients with rectal intussusception among 77 patients taken with obstructed defecatory symptom. Females were 16 (64%), males were 9 (36%), and the mean age was 55 years old. The changes of anorectal angle (ARA) and movement of anorectal junction were measured, and the morphologic changes of rectal wall during defecation were analyzed. RESULTS: ARAs measured by central axis method (CAM), the mean angles were 114.6, 102.2, and 119.8 degree, respectively in resting, squeezing, and straining period. By posterior wall methods (PWM), those were 86.7, 72.0, 93.3 degree. The differences of ARA between resting and straining period were 5.2, 6.6 degree, respectively by CAM and PWM. The mean descent of anorectal junction during defecation was 0.83 cm. The most frequent finding associated with rectal intussusception was rectocele (12 cases;48%). The other accompanied findings were 9 spastic pelvic floor syndrome (36%) and 4 fecal incontinence (16%). Total 18 patients out of 25 patients were accompanied with other functional anorectal diseases (72%). CONCLUSIONS: Recognition of rectal intussusception with accompanied diseases would be important for the proper treatment planning.
Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Defecation ; Fecal Incontinence ; Female ; Humans ; Intussusception* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Muscle Spasticity ; Pelvic Floor ; Rectocele

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the findings of rectal intussusception and to find the other accompanied functional anorectal diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed defecograms in 25 patients with rectal intussusception among 77 patients taken with obstructed defecatory symptom. Females were 16 (64%), males were 9 (36%), and the mean age was 55 years old. The changes of anorectal angle (ARA) and movement of anorectal junction were measured, and the morphologic changes of rectal wall during defecation were analyzed. RESULTS: ARAs measured by central axis method (CAM), the mean angles were 114.6, 102.2, and 119.8 degree, respectively in resting, squeezing, and straining period. By posterior wall methods (PWM), those were 86.7, 72.0, 93.3 degree. The differences of ARA between resting and straining period were 5.2, 6.6 degree, respectively by CAM and PWM. The mean descent of anorectal junction during defecation was 0.83 cm. The most frequent finding associated with rectal intussusception was rectocele (12 cases;48%). The other accompanied findings were 9 spastic pelvic floor syndrome (36%) and 4 fecal incontinence (16%). Total 18 patients out of 25 patients were accompanied with other functional anorectal diseases (72%). CONCLUSIONS: Recognition of rectal intussusception with accompanied diseases would be important for the proper treatment planning.
Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Defecation ; Fecal Incontinence ; Female ; Humans ; Intussusception* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Muscle Spasticity ; Pelvic Floor ; Rectocele