STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Dental implant which has been developed gradually through many experiments and clinical applications is presently used to various dental prosthetic treatments. To conduct a successful function of implant prosthesis in oral cavity for a long time, it is important that not only structure materials must have the biocompatibility, but also the prosthesis must be designed for the stress, which is occurred in occlusion, to scatter adequately of load support. Therefore, it is essential to give the consideration about the stress analysis of supporting tissues for higher successful rates. PURPOSE: Recently, many implant manufacturing company produce various taper design of root form implant, the fixture is often selected. However, the stress analysis of taper form fixture still requires more studies. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This study we make the element models that five implant fixture; Branemark system(Nobel Biocare, Gothenberg, Sweden), Camlog system(Altatec, Germany), Astra system(Astra Tech, Sweden), 3i system(Implant Innovations Inc, USA), Avana system(Osstem, Korea)were placed in the area of mandibular first premolar and prosthesis fabricated, which we compared with stress distribution using the three-dimension finite element analysis under two loading condition. RESULTS: This study compares the aspect of stress distribution of each system with the standard of Von mises stress, among many resulted from finite element analysis so that this research gets the following results. 1. In all implant system, oblique loading of maximum Von mises stress of implant, alveolar bone and crown is higher than vertical loading of those. 2. Regardless of loading conditions and type of system, cortical bone which contacts with implant fixture top area has high stress, and cancellous bone has a little stress. under the vertical loading, maximum Von mises stress is more higher in order of Branemark, Camlog, Astra, 3i, Avana. under the horizontal loading, maximum Von mises is more higher in order of Camlog, Branemark, Astra, 3i, Avana.
Bicuspid ; Crowns ; Dental Implants ; Finite Element Analysis ; Mouth ; Prostheses and Implants

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of two-year course of food and nutrition on improving nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes and food habits of junior college female students by questionnaires. The subjects were 108 college female students enrolled in the department of food and nutrition in Gyeonggi area. The results were as follows: There were no significant changes in the weights and BMI (Body Mass Index) after 2-yr course of food and nutrition. Nutrition knowledge (14.7 vs 16.3, p < 0.001) and dietary attitude (34.3 vs 35.8, p < 0.01) increased significantly after 2-yr course. However, no significant changes in food habit were observed. Among nutrition knowledge, the scores of functions (4.5 vs 5.2, p < 0.001) and understanding (6.7 vs 7.4, p < 0.01) of nutrients were significantly increased. The recognition of nutrition knowledge increased significantly (83.1 vs 95.7, p < 0.001). Among food habit, dietary habit (13.2 vs 12.5, p < 0.01) and health related habit (15.6 vs 14.6, p < 0.001) were significantly lowered after 2-yr course. The change in dietary attitudes showed significantly positive correlation with food habit changes (p < 0.05). These results showed that 2-yr course of Food and Nutrition had improved the nutrition knowledge and dietary attitudes. Therefore, providing the more systematic and appropriate nutrition education to students during their study period will be improved dietary attitudes and food habits.
Female ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Weights and Measures

No abstract available.
Tibia*

This study aimed to evaluate the refractive and visual results of the cases temporally overcorrected after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Among 582 myopic eyes that underwent LASIK using VISX STAR from March 1997 to October 1998, 105 eyes were overcorrected more than one diopter (D) one week after LASIK. 105 eyes were divided into three groups according to their spherical equivalent (SE) at one week: Group l (> or = 3D, 9 eyes), group ll (2-2.9D, 14 eyes), and group lll (1-1.9D, 82 eyes).Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), SE, and complications were studied one day, one week, two months, and six months after LASIK. The mean preoperative SE was -11.17 +/-2.57D in group l,-9.40 +/-2.91D in group lland -8.09 +/-1.92D in group lll. At 6 months, the mean SE was 1.81 +/-1.61D, 0.04 +/-0.43D and -0.37 +/-0.76D in group l, ll and lll, respectively. The mean regression of SE from one day to six months was 1.85D, 2.27D and 1.73D in group l,ll and lll, respectively (p>0.05). The proportion of eyes that lost two or more lines of UCVA after LASIK compared to preoperative BCVA was 33.3% in group l, 10% in group ll, and 9.2% in group lll. There were central island (5 eyes), capsular wrinkling (3 eyes), free cap (1 eye), subepithelal metalic debris (1 eye), epithelial ingrowth (1 eye)as complications in all groups. With these results it might be concluded that hyperopia less than 3D one week after LASIK is temporary and disappears 6 months after surgery without any additional treatment, whereas hyperopia equal or more than 3D one week after LASIK still showed hyperopic refraction even after 6 months. Therefore, these eyes need further evaluation for the correction of hyperopia.
Follow-Up Studies* ; Hyperopia ; Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ* ; Visual Acuity

BACKGROUND: There are many reports about the correlation between cardiovascular disorders and estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women. The purpose of current study is to know that postmenopausal estrogen therapy may affect the lipid metabolism and endogenous fibrinolytic system and exercise tolerance. METHOD: We investigated the relation of estrogen treatment (srogen 0.625 mg/day) to serum lipid levels, angiotensin converting enzyme activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and parameters of treadmill test in 22 postmenopausal women of normal coronary artery with abnormal exercise test complained with chest pain accompanied by postmenopausal symptoms. RESULTS: Estrogen treatment significantly elevated the serum HDL-cholesterol level (42.8 to 50.1 mg/dl, p<0.05) and reduced the PAI-1 level (16.2 to 10.4 ng/dl, p<0.01) without considerable side effects. During the exercise test, the positivity appearance time and total exercise duration is significantly increased after estrogen treatment. CONCLUSION: The postmenopausal use of estrogen favorably changed the lipid level, fibrinolytic system and might improve the microcirculation which may protect against the ischemic heart disease risk without significant side effects.
Chest Pain ; Coronary Vessels ; Estrogens* ; Exercise Test ; Exercise Tolerance ; Female ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Microcirculation ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A ; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 ; Plasminogen Activators ; Postmenopause

Primary malignant melaomatosis of leptomeninges is uncommon, not reported in the Korea to this time. Primary melanomatosis of leptomeninges are not associated with any specific clinical or radiological symptoms. The diagnosis was made by ultrastructural demonstration of malignant melanoma cells from CSF. The patient is 23 years male, who has had meningeal irritating symptoms such as intermittent headache. Nausea, vomiting and disturbed consciousness. Brain CT and MRI showed no mass lesion but cytology of cerebrospinal fluid revealed malignant melanoma cells. There was no evidence of extracerebral melanoma.
Brain ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Consciousness ; Diagnosis ; Headache ; Humans ; Korea ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Melanoma ; Nausea ; Vomiting

The small-incision cataract surgery by phacoemulsification with foldable posterior chamber lens implantation have recently permitted new options for combined trabeculectomy with cataract extraction. In the present study, we performed phacoemulsification and foldable intraocular lens implantation using small clear corneal incision in 20 patients with 22 glaucomatous eyes who had previously undergone trabeculectomy and determined its effects on visual acuity, intraocular pressure, the number of medications applied, and status of the filtering blebs. The mean follow-up period was 10.1 months and the mean time interval between the two surgeries was 14.7 months. The mean best corrected visual acuity was 0.19 preoperatively and 0.60 postoperatively and the postoperative visual acuity had improved in 19 eyes(86.4%). The mean(+/-standard deviation, SD) preoperative IOP was 16.7+/-5.88 mmHg and the mean(+/-SD) postoperative IOP at final visit was 15.5+/-4.07 mmHg. Postoperatively, the IOPs remained well controlled in 20 eyes(90.9%) without additional ocular hypotensives and required additional medications for control in 2 eyes(9.09%). And the funictioning bleb failures occurred in 5 eyes(22.7%). We found the procedure to be effective in restoring vision while controlling intraoperative pressure and preserving the filtering blebs.
Blister* ; Cataract Extraction ; Cataract* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Lens Implantation, Intraocular ; Phacoemulsification ; Trabeculectomy ; Visual Acuity

To compare the result of small-incision combined procedure with that of two-stage procedure, the authors retrospec- tively reviewed 21 patients (23 eyes) who underwent small-incision combined cataract and glaucoma surgery (group 1) and 21 patients (23 eyes) who underwent small-incision cataract surgery after trabeculectomy (group 2). Intraocular pressure (IOP), visual acuity, bleb status, antiglaucoma medications and complications were analyzed.The mean follow-up period was 12.9 (2.3~30.1) months in group 1 and 13.9 (2.1~35.9) months in group 2. The mean preoperative IOP was 21.1 +/-6.6mmHg in group 1 and 26.6 +/-9 .3 mmHg in group 2. The mean postoperative IOP was 14.3 +/-3 .7 mmHg and 15.8 +/-3.1 mmHg in group 1 and 2, respectively. At last visit,13 eyes (56.5%) in group 1 and 12 eyes (52.2%)in group 2 had functioning blebs, and 21 eyes (91.3%) in group 1 and 17 eyes (73.9%) in group 2 had well controlled postoperative IOP without antiglaucoma medications.Rupture of posterior capsule,bleb site leakage, hypotony occurred in both groups; button hole (1 eye in group 1) and hyphema (2 eyes in group 2) were observed. These results indicate that the small-incisioncombined cataract and glaucoma surgery may be as safe and effective as the two-stage procedure.
Blister ; Cataract* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glaucoma* ; Humans ; Hyphema ; Intraocular Pressure ; Trabeculectomy ; Visual Acuity

OBJECTIVE: Chronic hydrocephalus is one of the major complications following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH). However the incidence and predicting factors requiring shunting after SAH is not precisely known. The authors investigated the incidence of chronic hydrocephalus, timing of shunting procedure, and factors to predict the need for shunting in patients with aneurysmal SAH. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A series of 209 patients admitted to our institute from January 1993 to December 1997, who presented with SAH and underwent craniotomy for aneurysm clipping were studied retrospectively. Chronic hydrocephalus was defined as clinically and radiographically demonstrated hydrocephalus that lasted 2 weeks or longer after initial hemorrhage and that required shunting. The author divided study group into shunt group(SG, n=20) and non-shunt group(NSG, n=189). Patients were evaluated based on following factors: age, sex, history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, consciousness at admission, Hunt-Hess grade, the presence of intracranial hemorrhage, Graeb's score, bifrontal index(BFI), Fisher grade, amount of SAH, location of aneurysm, time of aneurysm clipping, rebleeding, and vasospasm. RESULTS: The incidence of chronic hydrocephalus was 9.6%(20/209). The timing of the shunting procedure ranged from 16 days to 150 days after initial hemorrhage with the average being 77(+/-37)days. In a univariate analysis with chi-square test, age, consciousness, Hunt-Hess grade, amount of SAH, BFI, Fisher grade, and Graeb's score were significantly related with the need for shunting(p<0.05). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, odds ratio was calculated for each variables. If the odds ratio of below 60 year of age was 1.0 then that of above 61 was 5.4(p<0.001). If the odds ratio of alert/drowsy was 1.0 then that of stupor/coma was 4.4(p<0.05). If the odds ratio of 0 of Graeb's score was 1.0 then that of 1-10 was 4.3(p<0.05). If the odds ratio of amount of SAH below score 3 was 1.0 then that of above score 4 was 1.8. If the odds ratio of BFI below 30 was 1.0 then that of above 31 was 1.1. CONCLUSION: The development of chronic hydrocephalus after aneurysmal SAH is multifactorial, but should be strongly suspected in patients with older age, decreased level of consciousness or IVH at admission. The patients require a shunt from 2 weeks to 5 months from the time of their initial hemorrhage.
Aneurysm* ; Consciousness ; Craniotomy ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus ; Hypertension ; Incidence ; Intracranial Hemorrhages ; Logistic Models* ; Odds Ratio ; Retrospective Studies ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage*

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence and correlates of nocturia in Korean community-dwelling older men. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A study population of 439 Korean elderly men (> or =65 years of age, including 299 men from a randomly sampled population) was sampled from residents of Seongnam, Korea. Standardized face-to-face interviews and questionnaires were performed. In-person interviews solicited sociodemographic information, medical history, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, and measurement of body mass index. Transrectal ultrasonography and laboratory tests including urinalysis and measurement of creatinine and prostate-specific antigen were performed. For the analysis of prevalence, 299 randomly sampled men were included. Men who answered the International Prostate Symptom Score questionnaire (n=424) were included in the analysis of the correlates of nocturia. Nocturia was defined as having to get up to urinate two or more times per night (> or =2). RESULTS: The overall prevalence of nocturia was 56.0% for community-dwelling older men. There was a significant correlation between age and the prevalence of nocturia (p<0.001). The univariate analysis revealed a significant association between nocturia and MMSE score (odds ratio [OR], 0.88; p<0.001), history of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (OR, 2.85; p=0.003), alpha-blocker usage (OR, 2.79; p=0.018), alcohol consumption (OR, 0.65; p=0.035), and smoking (OR, 0.58; p=0.025). Age, duration of education, MMSE score, and prostate volume were also significantly associated with nocturia. In the multivariate regression analysis using forward elimination, nocturia was significantly associated with a history of BPH and MMSE score. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of nocturia was 56.0% in Korean community-dwelling older men. Nocturia was associated with age and a history of BPH. MMSE score was protective.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging ; Alcohol Drinking ; Body Mass Index ; Creatinine ; Humans ; Korea ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Nocturia ; Prevalence ; Prostate ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Urinalysis