No abstract available.
Epidermal Cyst

The authors report four cases of ependymal cysts. Among the benign cystic lesions of neuroepithelial origin, ependymal cysts have been reportedly located in the cerebral parenchyme. This usually become symptomatic after 40 years of age, although it is generally thought to be congenital in origin. Symptomatic cases have been treated effectively with resection of the cyst or shunting procedures. Stereotactic removal of the cyst was also a good alternative as management in the authors' cases. Differential diagnosis is mandatory with other benign intraparenchymal cystic diseases.
Diagnosis, Differential

The authors performed combined trabeculectomy-cataract extraction on eyes of 8 patients with coexisting glaucoma and cataract. Posterior chamber lens implantation was performed in 2 of 9 eyes. The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 12 months. Visual acuity was improved in 8 eyes. The mean intraocular pressure was reduced by approximately 53%, from 28 mmHg preoperatively to 13 mmHg postoperatively. No medications were required in 6 of the 8 eyes, but 2 needed one medication for adequate control of intraocular pressure, postoperatively. No greater incidence of complications were evident with the combined procedure, from that expected with routine cataract extraction or trabeculectomy alone.
Cataract Extraction* ; Cataract* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glaucoma ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intraocular Pressure ; Trabeculectomy ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: We analyzed time series changes in cataract surgeries in Korea, and provide basic data to enhance the efficiency of medical services for cataract surgery. METHODS: Among cataract surgery statistics registered in the Korean National Health Insurance Cooperation from 2006 to 2012, we used data regarding the number of patients and operations and the number of patients and operations per 100,000 people. We analyzed various time series changes, including differences by sex and age. RESULTS: The total numbers of patients from 2006 to 2012 by year were 207,370; 228,170; 250,289; 268,548; 289,867; 308,111; and 302,182, respectively. The total numbers of operations from 2006 to 2012 by year were 272,920; 305,807; 338,332; 365,874; 398,338; 428,158; and 420,905, respectively. The number of patients and operations per 100,000 people were highest in men 80 to 84 years old and women 75 to 79 years old. Comparing the number of operations in 2006 and after, the patient age group with the highest increase rate changed from over 85 years old to 75–79 years old since 2010 in men and from over 85 years old to 50–54 years old since 2009 in women. For each year investigated, the number of operations performed was higher than the number of patients who received operations. CONCLUSIONS: Over the study period, the number of cataract surgeries increased, while the age of cataract patients decreased. Additionally, the number of cataract-related surgeries increased in relation to the number of patients.
Cataract Extraction ; Cataract* ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Korea* ; Male ; National Health Programs

PURPOSE: To report polymicrobial keratitis involving Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Ochrobactrum anthropi. CASE SUMMARY: A 53-year-old female complained of pain and secretion in her right eye, which started 6 weeks before her visit. She applied steroid ointment, which was received from the dermatologist, to her eyelid 7 days prior to her visit but this treatment worsened her symptoms. At the initial visit, the visual acuity of the right eye was light perception, and purulent secretions were observed. Using a slit lamp, severe conjunctival hyperemia, hypopyon, and a ring-shaped central corneal ulcer were observed. The anterior chamber and fundus were not observed due to corneal lesions but ultrasonography showed no intraocular inflammation. Infectious keratitis was suspected and cultured by corneal scraping. During the incubation period, 0.5% moxifloxacin, 2% voriconazole, and 1% cyclopentolate were administered. A total of 400 mg of moxifloxacin and 100 mg of doxycycline were given orally. In the primary culture, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii were identified so 5% ceftazidime, which was sensitive for the antibiotic susceptibility results was further instilled. Thereafter, the keratitis improved but the keratitis again worsened while maintaining the topical treatment. A secondary culture was positive for Ochrobactrum anthropi. Treatment with 1.4% gentamicin, which was sensitive for the antibiotic susceptibility test was added and the keratitis improved. A conjunctival flap was performed because of the increased risk of perforation. CONCLUSIONS: We report polymicrobial keratitis involving Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Ochrobactrum anthropi for the first time in the Republic of Korea.
Acinetobacter baumannii ; Acinetobacter ; Anterior Chamber ; Ceftazidime ; Corneal Ulcer ; Cyclopentolate ; Doxycycline ; Eyelids ; Female ; Gentamicins ; Humans ; Hyperemia ; Inflammation ; Keratitis ; Middle Aged ; Ochrobactrum anthropi ; Ochrobactrum ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Pseudomonas ; Republic of Korea ; Slit Lamp ; Ultrasonography ; Visual Acuity ; Voriconazole

Anomalous unilateral single pulmonary vein is a rare abnormality of the pulmonary venous system characterized by a tortuous pulmonary venous confluence which never crosses the diaphragm and drains all arterialized blood from a lung to the left atrium, into which it normally flows. Cardiac and pulmonary anomalies are not associated. We report a case in which this condition was comfirmed by the findings of chest radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance angiography.
Diaphragm ; Heart Atria ; Lung ; Magnetic Resonance Angiography ; Pulmonary Veins* ; Radiography ; Thorax

PURPOSE: Strabismus affects any age and represents various functional or non-functional eye problems. This population-based study was conducted to determine the prevalence of strabismus and nystagmus in South Korea according to various sociodemographic factors. METHODS: We acquired data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nation-wide cross-sectional survey and examinations of the non-institutionalized civilian population in South Korea (n = 30,538), conducted from July 2008 to December 2011. The prevalence of strabismus and nystagmus were verified, and associated sociodemographic factors was evaluated. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of strabismic disorder in participants over 3 years of age was 1.4 ± 0.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3–1.6%; 1.5 ± 0.1% in males, 1.3 ± 0.1% in females). The prevalence of exodeviation (15 or more prism diopters), esodeviation (10 or more prism diopters), vertical deviation, and other complicated strabismus and nystagmus was 1.0%, 0.2%, 0.2%, 0.1% and 0.1% respectively. The prevalence was highest in the 6 to 15-year age group (1.9 ± 0.3%), and lowest in the 40 to 49 years age group (0.8 ± 0.1%) (p = 0.005). There were no statistically significant differences for gender, region, residential area, household income, educational level and occupation. CONCLUSIONS: This nation-wide epidemiologic study demonstrated that the prevalence of strabismus and nystagmus according to various sociodemographic factors in South Korea was not statistically significant except for age group. Further investigations are required based on more surveys to better recognize the etiologic or risk factors that may be related to strabismus and nystagmus.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Esotropia ; Exotropia ; Family Characteristics ; Humans ; Korea* ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys ; Occupations ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Strabismus*

PURPOSE: To analyze related factors of retinopathy of prematurity by comparing between premature twins in which retinopathy developed on one twin. METHODS: A retrospective survey consisting of 13 premature twins in which retinopathy of prematurity (stage 1 or more) developed on one twin was performed. All twins were born in Kosin University Gospel Hospital. The twins were separated into two groups according to whether they had retinopathy of prematurity: the retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) group and non-ROP group. The twins' gestational age, weight, sex, Apgar score, treatments, blood tests, and neonatal complications were investigated. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the twins except platelet count and aspartate aminotransferase. Platelet count was 191 (±46) ×10³/µL in the ROP group and 240 (±77) ×10³/µL in the non-ROP group, a significant difference (p = 0.046). Aspartate aminotransferase was 36 (±26.6) IU/L in the ROP group and 22 (±5.9) IU/L in the non-ROP group, a significant difference (p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, we found platelet count and aspartate aminotransferase to be significant factors related to development of retinopathy of prematurity. It is thought that these factors should be considered when screening for ROP, although a larger prospective study is be needed before the results can be applied in clinical practice.
Apgar Score ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; Blood Platelets ; Gestational Age ; Hematologic Tests ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Platelet Count ; Prospective Studies ; Retinopathy of Prematurity ; Retrospective Studies ; Twins*

PURPOSE: Sentinel lymph node biopsy has emerged as a new standard method of treatment in small-sized breast cancer and has allowed the elimination of unnecessary axillary lymph node dissection in patients with negative axillary lymph nodes metastasis. In sentinel lymph node biopsy, pathologic analysis can be scrutinized and accurate stage-diagnosis can be made with the methods of serial sectioning and immunohistochemical staining on routine basis. In this study, we tried to evaluate the accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy. METHODS: We evaluated 500 cases of sentinel lymph node biopsy operated at Samsung Medical Center between October 1995 and February 2004. Cases were categorized in 2 groups: cases operated during the period of learning curve (October 1995~December 1999) and the period of clinical application (January 2000~February 2004). RESULTS: Overall failure rate and false negative rate of sentinel node biopsy were 9% and 14.7% respectively. The failure rate of the period of learning curve and the period of clinical application were 15.3% and 5.6% respectively (P <0.01). In sentinel lymph node detection, combined blue dye and radioisotope method was superior to blue dye or radioisotope method. About 40% of lymph node metastases were found in patients with tumors more than 2 cm in size. Clinical findings including previous biopsy, multiple tumor, neo- adjuvant chemotherapy, obesity and old age were not absolute contraindications for sentinel node biopsy. CONCLUSION: Sentinel lymph node biopsy can be an accurate and reliable method to examine the status of axillary nodes in a small breast cancer.
Biopsy ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Humans ; Learning Curve ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Obesity ; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy*

Solid facial edema is a rare skin condition characterized by persistent, non-pitting, and non-tender edema on the forehead, glabellar region, mid-face, nasolabial folds, and cheeks. Exact etiology is still unknown; however, it is suggested that it can be secondary inflammatory response due to acne vulgaris. A 21-year-old male presented with erythematous swollen patches on the forehead and glabellar region. He had been intermittently treated for his acne vulgaris for 5 years at the local clinic. Focal soft tissue swelling with thickening of the skin and subcutaneous tissue was identified radiologically. Histopathologically, lymphatic vessels were dilated with chronic inflammatory cell infiltration and dermal edema. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of solid facial edema caused by acne vulgaris in Korea.
Acne Vulgaris ; Cheek ; Edema ; Forehead ; Humans ; Korea ; Lymphatic Vessels ; Male ; Nasolabial Fold ; Skin ; Subcutaneous Tissue ; Young Adult