Physicians need to be prepared with basic understandings of enuresis and practical tips to diagnose and treat the patients properly. The knowledge about the natural history, epidemiology, and etiology of enuresis, not to mention multiple treatment modalities available, are essential, Medical consultation and treatment of enuresis begins at the age of 5. Evaluation should include history taking, physical examination, and laboratory investigations. A checklist may be provided for quick evaluation in busy clinics. The two main treatment modalities are behavioral modification with an alarm system and pharmacotherapy with desmopressin or imipramine, or oxybutinin. The response to treatment is evaluated after a 1-to 3-months' period of treatment. further evaluation and individualized treatment are needed in poor responders. Normalization of a small functional bladder capacity may help to cure enuresis and treatment of enuresis with antibiotics is effective in children with urinary tract infection, bacteriuria, or cystitis cystica.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteriuria ; Checklist ; Child ; Cystitis ; Deamino Arginine Vasopressin ; Drug Therapy ; Enuresis* ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; Imipramine ; Natural History ; Physical Examination ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Tract Infections

No abstract available.
Blood Pressure* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn*

No abstract available.
Child* ; Cyclosporine* ; Humans ; Nephrosis, Lipoid*

No abstract available.
Diagnosis* ; Head* ; Pediculus*

No abstract available.
Acute Kidney Injury*

The aim of this article is to provide guidelines to diagnosis and therapeutics for HLI in Korea. Head lice infestation (HLI) caused by Pediculus humanus capitis is still common in Korean children in spite of an improvement since the 1980s in the country's economic status and the concepts of hygiene. HLI is troublesome and, if not treated, can lead to secondary bacterial infection as a result of scratching of the irritated scalp induced by an inflammatory reaction to injected saliva or anticoagulant. In addition, HLI causes social and psychological problems as well as physical symptoms. Confirmation of the HLI depends on identification of adult lice, nymphs, or viable nits. Nits are more commonly found at the nape of the neck and retroauricular areas. The differential diagnosis includes hair casts, dandruff, and debris by hair spray. Few chemical shampoos such as those containing lindane or pyrethrin are currently available in Korea. Although HLI is an important public health issue in Korea, little information is available on HLI. Medical doctors, school nurses, and teachers should be acquainted with HLI for the successful control of this disease, which is distressing a number of children covertly.
Adult ; Arthropods ; Bacterial Infections ; Child ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Hair ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Korea ; Lindane ; Neck ; Nymph ; Pediculus ; Phthiraptera ; Public Health ; Saliva ; Scalp ; Skin ; Skin Diseases

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Killer Cells, Natural* ; Nephrosis, Lipoid*

No abstract available.
Calcium* ; Child* ; Humans

No abstract available.
Arteriovenous Fistula* ; Biopsy*

BACKGROUND: Hypothermia is a condition that can lead to serious complications and even to death in newborn. Although the temperature control is essential in neonatal care, it is often neglected during urgent transfer from local private hospitals. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the incidence and clinical outcomes of transfer induced neonatal hypothermia. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: In this retrospective study, subject is limited to transferred outborn babies with age less than 24 hours from June 1996 to May 1999. A total of 3,086 patients were admitted in NICU during the study period and inborn and outborn babies were 1,743(56%) and 1,343(44%) respectively. Among the 1,343 outborn babies, 212 babies were transferred from the private hospital within 24 hours of birth and were eligible for the study. Rectal temperature on arrival, transfer time, birth weight, gestational age, initial arterial gas study, and clinical outcome were compared. Statistical analysis has been done with chi-sqaure test and multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: There were 84 cases(39.6%) hypothermia(<36degrees C> among the 212 babies and the rate of hypothermia in transfered babies have not decreased over the study period. There were significantly more hypothermia in lower gestational age (less than 28 weeks) and lower birth weight (less than 2,000gm) caused hypothermia significantly more than normal gestational age or normal range of birth weight. And time interval (less than 12 hour) from birth to arrival at emergency department was also significant factor in hypothermia. The mortality rate was three fold higher in hypothermia than normothermic or hyperthermic babies. CONCLUSION: This study shows that hypothermia during neonate transportation is a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in prehopital care. Body temperature control during transport of neonates under 24 hours of age should be emphasized for the better outcome of treatment.
Birth Weight ; Body Temperature ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Gestational Age ; Hospitals, Private ; Humans ; Hypothermia* ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant Mortality ; Infant, Newborn* ; Logistic Models ; Mortality ; Parturition ; Reference Values ; Retrospective Studies ; Transportation*