The choice of operative procedures was determined by many factors, but the levator function is considered as the most important factor. Fox recommended that when the levator function was 2 to 9 mm, the patient should be treated by the levator resection and when the levator function was below 2 mm, the patient should be crated by frontalis suspension. But Collin recommended that when the levator function was below 4 mm, the brow suspension procedure got the better result. Beside that, many other authors recommended various opinions. Therefore, when levator function of the patients was between 2 and 4 mm, the choice of operative procedure was much confusing us. The aim of this study is to clarify which is better Procedures between levator resection and the frontalis transfer or orbicularis oculi muscle transfer among the patients with 2 to 4 mm of levator action. From Jan. of 1991 to Dec. of 1994, among 26 patients with 2 to 4 mm levator function, 13 cases of 10 patients were operated by levator resection, 21 cases of 16 patients were teated by frontalis transfer or orbicularis oculi muscle flap. The results were evaluated with the average 27 months of follow-up and we compared the result of the levator resection procedure with that of frontalis muscle transfer or orbicularis oculi muscle transfer. The preoperative average amount of ptosis is about 2.7 mm in cases with levator resection, about 4.0 mm in cases with frontalis muscle transfer or orbicularis oculi muscle flap transfer. The postoperative average amount of ptosis is about 1.7 mm in cases with levator resection about 2.14 mm in cases with frontail muscle transfer or orbicularis oculi muscle flap transfer and so the postoperative improvement of amount of ptosis is about 1.0 mm in cases with levator resection, about 1.86 mm in cases with frontails muscle transfer or orbicularis oculi muscle flap transfer. The major complication of levator resection method is undercorrection. However, the eyelid deformity due to excessive upward traction was more frequent in frontalis muscle flap technique.
Blepharoptosis* ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Eyelids ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Surgical Procedures, Operative ; Traction

Injuries and pains of musculoskeletal joint in human body is common onset in industrialized world. However, muscle fatigue plays a very significant role in contributing causes of many pains associated with musculoskeletal joints. Based on this hypothesis, degree of muscle fatigue was investigated using electromyography measurement technique during isometric and concentric/eccentric muscle contractions. Different response of the muscle fatigue between two different muscle contractions (isometric and concentric/eccentric contractions) was examined by comparison of parameters which were median frequency, median power and RMS value. Healthy 16 young persons without previous musculoskeletal diesease history were tested with Noraxon Myosystem 2000 EMG measurement system. In this study, two different exercises were performed. First exercise was concentric/eccentric exercise. Second exercise was isometric muscle contraction. In the case of the isometric exercise, median frequency was decreased, but median power and RMS were increased. However, during the concentric/eccentric exercse, median frequency was increased, but median power and RMS were decreased. Both of those revealed that the pattern of the median frequency was W type, but median power and RMS were M type as time passed. In this study, the patterns of the muscle fatigue during concentric/eccentric exercise as well as isometric exercise were identified. It will be helpful to prevent musculoskeletal injury from over-working andexercising.
Electromyography* ; Exercise ; Human Body ; Humans ; Joints ; Muscle Contraction ; Muscle Fatigue*

Nine strains (6%) were confirmed as resistant (MIC=20ug/ml) to methicillin (MT) among 150 isolates of staphylococcus aureus. These MT-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains were also turned out to be more less resistant to other antibiotics tested, such as penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and gentamicin except for cephaloridine. It was noteworthy, however, that strain MRSA 5 showed a relatively susceptible attitude toward most of the antibiotics tested, while being extremely resistant to MT only. Salt (NaC1) containing (5-3%) media did not have any significant effect on the degree of MT-resistance of MRSA strains. There was, however, such a tendency as that by the addition of salt the degree of MT-resistance was lowered in the highly MT-resistant strains while enhanced in MT-susceptible ones. It was confirmed that penicillinase did not have any effect on the MT-resistance while most of the penicillin- resistant strains produced the enzyme.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Cephaloridine ; Chloramphenicol ; Gentamicins ; Methicillin Resistance ; Methicillin ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Penicillinase ; Penicillins ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Staphylococcus ; Tetracycline

OBJECT: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of pentoxifylline on in vitro fertillization and developmen of preimplantation stage of mouse embryos. MATERIAL AND METHODS:F1 hybrid mice was superovulated with PMSG/hCG and mouse oocytes were recruited. After the normal sperms were incubated with PTX before in vitro fertilization, it was observed whether the fertilization and embryo development was affected or not by the sperm preparation(washing, dilution and no washing or no dilution). And after 1-cell and 2-cell stage of mouse embryos were incubated with PTX, the development to hatching blastocyst was also observed. RESULTS: When in vitro fertilization was revealed by using the washed normal sperms after 0, 3.6 and 7.2 mM PTX incubation, the fertilization rates were 92.5%, 48.8%, 36.8%, respectively. So 3.6 and 7.2 mM groups presented significantly low fertilizatin rate, but the development rates were 93.9%, 85.0%, 95.2%, respectively. Therefore, there were no significant difference between each group. When in vitro fertilization was revealed by using the diluted normal sperms after 0, 3.6, and 7.2 mM PTX incubation, the fertilization rates were 58.6%, 5.4%, 9.4%, respectively. So 3.6 and 7.2 mM groups presented significantly low fertilization rate. The developmental rates were 88.2%, 100%, 100%. And there were no significant difference between each group. When in vitro fertilization was revealed by using the not washed and not diluted normal sperms after 0, 3.6 and 7.2 mM PTX incubation, the fertilizatin rates were 61.2%, 5.7%, 3.8%, respectively. 3.6 and 7.2 mM group presented significantly low fertilization rate. The development rates were 73.3%, 0%, 0%, respectively. So 3.6, 7.2 mM group presented significantly low developmental rate. After 1-cell stage of mouse embryos were incubated in 0, 5, 10, 50 nM of PTX, the development rates were not significantly different among them. After 2-cell stage of mouse embryos were incubated in 0, 5, 10, 50 nM of PTX, the development rates were not significantly different among them. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, when PTX is used in in vitro fertilization program with normal sperms, it may affect the fertilization and embryo development in high concentration. And if PTX concentration is very low, the developmental rate would not be affected. So PTX must not be used to normal sperms and where use of PTX is indicated, it is recommended that remainder PTX must be removed as completely as possible.
Animals ; Blastocyst ; Embryonic Development ; Embryonic Structures ; Female ; Fertilization ; Fertilization in Vitro* ; Mice* ; Oocytes ; Pentoxifylline* ; Pregnancy ; Spermatozoa*

BACKGROUND: The survival rate of children with neuroblastoma has been improved over 20 years, excluding the metastatic disease, in which it does not exceed 20% so far. New treatment modalities have been developed to improve the outcome in metastatic disease. Preoperative chemotherapy reduce the size, the vascularity and the adhesiveness, so increase the resectability of the primary tumor. This retrospective clinical study was designed to review the survival rate in neuroblastoma and to analyze the effect of preoperative chemotherapy in the view point of neoadjuvant therapy on long-term survival in advanced disease. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-four cases were reviewed from 135 patients with neuroblastoma registered at the Department of Pediatrics in Seoul National University Children's Hospital from January, 1985 till December, 1995. The survival rate was reviewed according to the stage. The age, sex of the patients, the stage, anatomical site of the tumor, the level of serum ferritin and neuron-specific enolase were analyzed for the risk factors on survival. RESULTS: Ranges of age at diagnosis were from 1 month to 166 months with the median of 39 months. Five year survival rates and five year disease-free survival rates were 100%, 100% in stage 1(n=5), 90.9%, 90.9% in stage 2(n=13), 43.4%, 40.6% in stage 3(n=19), 27.1%, 19.8% in stage 4(n=95) and 100%, 100% in stage 4S(n=2), respectively. In stage 3, five year survival rate was 52.5% in group receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 28.6% in control group(P=0.02). Five year disease-free survival rate was also noted as 48.6%, 28.6% in each group(P=0.02). In stage 4, five year and ten year survival rates were 27.6%, 23.6% in group receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 26.9%, 0% in control group(P=0.02). Five year and ten year disease-free survival rates were 14.3%, 14.3% in group receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 20%, 0% in control group (P=0.11). In univariate analysis, the age, the stage, and the site of primary tumor appeared to affect the long-term survival. CONCLUSION: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and delayed primary surgery contribute for advance in survival in advanced neuroblastoma via increasing the resectability of the primary tumor.
Adhesiveness ; Child ; Diagnosis ; Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy* ; Ferritins ; Humans ; Neoadjuvant Therapy ; Neuroblastoma ; Pediatrics ; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Seoul ; Survival Rate

The pathogeoesis of papulonecrotic tuberculid had been thought to be the result of hernatogenous dissemination from primary tuberculous focus of other organs. But, today, the existence of papulonecrotic tuberculid as a rare cutaneous reaction to the Mycobacterium bacillus is questioned. Papulonecrotic tuberculid is, however, a real entity in underdeveloped countries where tuberculosis is more common. We report a case having papulonecrotie tuberculid associated with cervical lymph node tuberculosis confirmed by typical histopathology and by clinical response to antituberculous chemotherapy. This case supports Iden et al's view (1) that skepticism regarding the existence of papulonecrotic tuberculid is probably the result of the current decreased prevalence of untreated tuberculosis and consequently increased rarity of this entity.
Bacillus ; Drug Therapy ; Mycobacterium ; Prevalence ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Cutaneous* ; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node

Malignant angioendothelioma is an uncommon malignant vascular tumor featuring endothelial cell, and it occurs most frequently in sixth and seventh decade. Most lesions occur over the face and scalp, and may be solitary or multiple, The lesion usally appears as a localized dark red to purplish nodules or plapue with small satellite nodules. Histopatholgic finding shows a nodule eomposed of irregular vascular spaces lined by plump endothelial cells stroma. We present a case of malignant angioendo thelioma on a 42 year-old woman. The patient had purplish nodule with satellite lesions on the right cheek. This case was confirmed by clinical picture, histologic findings and electron microscopic examination.
Adult ; Cheek ; Endothelial Cells ; Female ; Humans ; Scalp

The brief report of Zeisler (1922) of a pregnant woman with scattered telangiectasia in a unilateral distribution is perhaps the first recorded case of this syndrome. The syndrome has been described in association with pregnancy, puberty, alcoholisrn and cirrhosis, hormonal therapy and congenital status. The authors observed in a 17-year-old male unilateral telangiectatic lesions over the left C, C, C, Tl and T, dermatomal regions. The lesions developed at first at his puberty on the anterior part of the chest as speckled bright red discoloration. Thereafter, the lesion has been progressed to involve the left upper extremity, sholder, upper middle part of the chest, eventually. Family history was negative and physical, lahoratory and X-ray examination were all negative or within normal limit. No mucous membrane involvement was observed. On histopathologic examination of the skin lesion, thin walled ectatic vessels lined with single layer of endothelial cells were observed in the upper dermis. The lesions were partly dermabrased with favorable result.
Adolescent ; Dermis ; Endothelial Cells ; Female ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Male ; Mucous Membrane ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women ; Puberty ; Skin ; Telangiectasis* ; Thorax ; Upper Extremity

PURPOSE: Human bocavirus (hBoV), a recently discovered virus, has been detected in children with respiratory tract infections worldwide. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency and molecular phylogeny of hBoV in the respiratory samples of children with acute respiratory tract infections in 2010. METHODS: Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 953 children with lower respiratory tract infections at Severance children's hospital in Korea from January 2010 to December 2010. We applied the multiplex PCR technique for the identification of 12 respiratory viruses from the samples. Among the total specimens, hBoV positive samples were subjected to phylogenetic analysis by sequencing a fragment of the VP1/VP2 gene junction. RESULTS: hBoV was detected in 141 (14.8%) among 953 patients. The 61.7% of hBoV-positive samples were found to co-exist with other respiratory viruses. The results of phylogenetic analysis showed that all 141 hBoV-positive isolates were identified as hBoV 1, revealing a high similarity among the isolates (>98%). CONCLUSION: hBoV 1 with minimal sequence variations circulated in children with acute respiratory infections during 2010. More research is needed to determine the clinical severity and outcomes of the minimal sequence variations.
Child ; Child, Hospitalized ; Human bocavirus ; Humans ; Korea ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Phylogeny ; Respiratory System ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Viruses

BACKGROUND: A lots of fires were happened every years. And then, the many peoples have died because of foe. It is important to plane for initial field emergency management that the major cause of death and injury type is analysed by large scaled fire. METHOD: We have analysed the fire victims by large scaled fire from Jan. 1995 to Dec. 1995 in Korea. We analysed systemic factors, environmental factors, patient factors which was acquired from medical records and interviews with victims, victim's famaly, rescuer. RESULT: The total number of victims are 130 and the mortality rate is 61.5% (80 patients). The major injury and cause of death were inhalation injury and trauma. The injury type of fire victims are 19 cases of inhalation injury, 13 cases of laceration,5 cases of burn,5 cases of contusion,4 cases of blephaloconjunctivitis. In fire deaths, the 78 victims (97.5%) were death associated with the gas inhalation, and the only 2 fire deaths were due to trauma. This result of the cause of death was higher inhalation injury than previously reported literature because most fires of our study was happened at the closed-maze area. CONCLUSION: When the fee was happened at closed-maze area, many victims foiled to escape the space because of smoke, toxic inhalants from combustible interior decoration, and then were death.
Cause of Death ; Emergencies* ; Emergency Treatment* ; Fees and Charges ; Fires* ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Korea ; Medical Records ; Mortality ; Smoke ; United Nations