To understand the mode of transmission in clonorchiasis, a survey was made in Kim-hae Goon, South Kyong-sang Do (=Province). The mathematical analysis of the age prevalence was done on the egg positive rates. And another analysis for the comparison was also made to the cited data from two areas, North Kyong-sang Do and Ko-yang Goon, Kyong-gi Do. Some catalytic models of H. Muench (1959) were applied to the observed age prevalence. Because the both parameters, such as force of infection(a) and loss of positivity(b) were considered to be constant for a long period in the surveyed area, the two stage catalytic model by Muench was chosen to the analysis. In the surveyed area, Kim-hae Goon where the egg positive rates were 56.2 percent and 61.2 percent (by Kim, 1974), the constant values of 'a' were found to be 0.051 and 0.089 respectively. In other words, the force of infection was 51, 89 per 1,000 susceptibles. The values of 'b' were found to be 0.006 and 0.005. This means that the rates of disappearance from egg positive cases to negative were 6 and 5 per annum per l,000 positive cases in above area. Therefore, the two catalytic curves were expressed by the following equations, y = 1.133 {e(-0.006t) - e(-0.051t)} and y = 1.047 {e(-0.005t) - e(-0.089t)} respectively. In the cases of North Kyong-sang Do and Ko-yang Goon, Kyong-gi Do where the egg positive rates of clonorchis shown as 27.7 percent and 15.2 percent by Shin (1964) and Kim (l974), the curves were expressed by y = 1.769 {e(-0.010t) - e(-0.034t)} and y = 2.857 {e(-0.020t) - e(-0.027t)} respectively. From the above mathematical analyses by age prevalence in clonorchiasis, it was considered that the mode of transmission of clonorchiasis in the surveyed area, Kim-hae Goon presented more rapid pattern than those of North Kyong-sang Do and Ko-yang Goon, Kyong-gi Do.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; clonorchiasis-Clnorchis sinensis ; epidemiology ; transmission

Primary aldosteronism, characterized by hypertension, hypokalemia, and hyperaldosteronemia resulting from chronic oversecretion of aldosterone independent of normal renin-angiotensin regulatory system, is due mostly to aldosteronoma or to bilateral cortical nodular hyperplasia. We report two cases of primary aldosteronism due to adrenal cortical adenoma, which were diagnosed by clinical data and abdominal computed tomographic scan. Clinical symptoms and laboratory data returned to normal after surgical adrenalectomy.
Adrenalectomy ; Adrenocortical Adenoma ; Aldosterone ; Hyperaldosteronism ; Hyperplasia ; Hypertension ; Hypokalemia

We treated 11 patients with iatrogenic ureteral injuries during a 4-year period: Gynecologic operations were the most common antecedent surgical procedures (82 percent). The diagnosis of ureteral injuries was made immediately in 4 patients and was delayed 3 to 56 days in 7. Three of the 4 injuries recognized during an operation were repaired successfully at the time of injury ; the primary repair in the remaining patient leaked and ultimately resulted in a nephrectomy because of subhepatic and retroperitoneal abscess formation. In the delayed diagnosis group, retrograde ureteral catheterization was successful in only 1 of all attempts. Of the 7 patients with injuries recognized in the postoperative period. 4 were managed successfully with ureteral stenting or percutaneous nephrostomy alone 3 required surgical after temporary percutaneous nephrostomy drainage.
Abscess ; Delayed Diagnosis ; Diagnosis ; Drainage ; Humans ; Nephrectomy ; Nephrostomy, Percutaneous ; Postoperative Period ; Stents ; Ureter* ; Urinary Catheterization ; Urinary Catheters

In 2005, the ILAE conceptually defined epilepsy as a disorder of the brain, characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures and by its psychosocial consequences. In clinical practice, this definition of epilepsy is usually taken to mean at least two unprovoked seizures more than 24 h apart. The operational definition for special circumstances that do not meet the criteria of two unprovoked attacks has been recommended. In 2014, the ILAE refined the practical definition of epilepsy. With this definition, epilepsy is a disease of the brain with either: (1) at least two unprovoked (or reflex) seizures occurring more than 24 h apart; (2) one unprovoked (or reflex) seizure and a probability of further seizures similar to the general recurrence risk (at least 60%) after two unprovoked seizures, occurring over the next 10 years; (3) diagnosis of an epilepsy syndrome. Epilepsy is considered to be resolved for individuals past the applicable age of an age-dependent epilepsy syndrome or those who have remained seizure-free for the past 10 years, without seizure medicines for the past 5 years.
Brain ; Diagnosis ; Epilepsy* ; Recurrence ; Seizures

Pheochromocytoma originate from chromaffin cells and occur in the adrenal medulla in majority. About 10 per cent of pheochromocytomas can occur in the ectopic or extra-adrenal sites, anywhere along the fetal route of the chromaffin tissues. Pheochromocytoma of the bladder is a rare neoplasm that often occurs with the unique symptom complex of micturitional attacks, such as headache, palpitation, hypertension of sweating due to increased catecholamine secretion during detrusor activity. We report a very rare case of nonfunctioning pheochromocytoma of the bladder in a 67- year-old woman without typical symptoms. Preoperatively elevated urine catecholamines and their metabolites returned to normal after removal of the tumor.
Adrenal Medulla ; Catecholamines ; Chromaffin Cells ; Female ; Headache ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Pheochromocytoma* ; Sweat ; Sweating ; Urinary Bladder*

No abstract available.
Leiomyoma*

No abstract available.
Funnel Chest*

The urethral polyp is relatively unusual lesion but recently, has been reported more frequently Polyps of the anterior urethra are less common than those of the posterior urethra. The lesion is usually encountered in the young child but has occurred in the adult. Recently, we found two cases of urethral polyp. So, we report these with a brief review of the literature.
Adult ; Child ; Humans ; Polyps* ; Urethra

Mediastinal fibrosis is pathologically characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis of mediastinal soft tissue. Mediastinal fibrosis is local expression of a family of systemic fibrosing syndroms. This can result in compression of adjacent mediastinal structures. Idiopathic fibrosing syndromes include retroperitoneal fibrosis, sclerosing cholangitis of the orbit and fibrosis of the thyroid gland(Riedel's struma). The cause of these disorders is obscure, in some instance there is an underlying malignancy, infection, history of drug ingestion, or trauma with retoperitoneal bleeding. Treatment of mediastinal fibrosis depends on structures involved by the fibrotic process. The disease is self limited in most case or improved by steroids uses. We experienced a case of idopathic solerosing mediastinitis with orbital fibrous dysplasia of unknown cause, which was confirmed by open lung biopsy, so reported it with a review of literature.
Biopsy ; Cholangitis, Sclerosing ; Eating ; Fibrosis* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Lung ; Mediastinitis ; Orbit ; Retroperitoneal Fibrosis ; Steroids ; Thyroid Gland

To evaluate the quantitative relation between the changes of visual field and optic disc in glaucoma, thirty-six patients(58 eyes) with primary glaucoma(P.O.A.G: 29 cases, P.A.C.G.; 7 cases) were enrolled in this study. Visual field defects including the central(25 degrees) and peripheral fields were examined with three different illuminations(2-9, 2-4 and clear filters) by using an automated perimeter(Autofield D, Cavitron, CA, USA) and horizontal and vertical cup/disc(C/D) ratios were traced and calculated with the disc photographs taken with a fundus camera(CF-60Z, Canon Inc, Tokyo, Japan). Each defect by using 2.9, 2.4 and clear filter of Autofield D in either the central or the peripheral visual field has the relationship of arc tangent with either the horizontal or the vertical C/D ratio. The exponential correlation was noted between the summation of the central or the peripheral visual field defect and either horizontal or vertical C/D ratio.
Glaucoma ; Visual Fields*