Premacular hemorrhage (preretinal,subhyaloid, or sub-internal limiting membrane hemorrhage)impairs central vision abruptly and occurs in various underlying diseases. In cases of persistent hemorrhage, permanent impairment of vision may occur. Proposed therapeutic options for premacular hemorrhage consist of conservative treatment, laser photodisruption and early vitrectomy. Laser photodisruption may be performed in cases of persistent or slow-clearing hemorrhage, in patients with occupational need for prompt restoration of binocular vision or in patients with poor vision in their fellow eyes. The authors report 4 patients with premacular hemorrhage who were treated with Nd: YAG laser photodisruption with the review of the literatures.
Hemorrhage* ; Humans ; Lasers, Solid-State* ; Membranes ; Vision, Binocular ; Vitrectomy

A combined technique for lid retraction that includes levator recession and Mullerectomy without spacers and levator and Muller muscle recession without spacers was presented. Eight procedures on eight patients were reviewed. Four patients with lid retraction had hyperthyroidism, one patient showed idiopathic lid retraction,and three patients was due to overcorrection of ptosis. Three patients showed excellent cosmetic appearance during the follow-up period of 6 to 22 months; but four patients mild limitation in elevation, and one patient insufficent correction.
Eyelids* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hyperthyroidism

We assessed the degree of mydriasis induced by 1% tropicamide and 2.5% phenylephrine compared with that induced by 1% tropicamide and 10% phenylephrine in 100 patients with diabetes. Additionally we studied the difference of pupillary dilatation according to duration of dibetes, severity of retinopathy, and performance of photocoagulation. Maximum dilated pupillary diameter was 7.25+/-1.27mm in 2.5% phenylephrine group and 7.32+/-1.36mm in 10% phenylephrine group, respectively the difference in pupillary dilatation between two groups was not statistically significant. We advise the use of the 2.5% phenylephrine in patients with diabetes, who already exhibit a higher prevalence of vascular disease and autonomic nerve system dysfunction because 2.5% phenylephrine may produce a lower incidence of side effects than 10% concentration and have the same effect of pupil dilatation as 10% phenylephrine.
Autonomic Pathways ; Dilatation* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Light Coagulation ; Mydriasis ; Phenylephrine* ; Prevalence ; Pupil ; Tropicamide ; Vascular Diseases

The recommended treatment of blow-out fracture varies greatly according to the operators. In addition, the implants used to span the orbital bony defect in blow-out fracture are various. Titanium is widely used for orthopaedic device for its good structural stability, excellent strength, eternal quality, high biocompatability, little risk of infection, malleability and easy fixation for operation. We had repaired inferior orbital wall fracture with Titanium mesh on 7 patients with large orbital inferior wall fracture in the posterior orbit in the last 2 years. All 7 patients showed improvements in extraocular ovements and the reduction of diplopia over 6 months. But one patient had persistent enophthalmos, and 2 patients complained of infraorbital numbness. For the reconstruction of orbital fracture, especially inferior wall in the posterior orbit, Titanium mesh may served as a good alloplastic implant without serious postoperative complications.
Diplopia ; Enophthalmos ; Fractures, Bone* ; Humans ; Hypesthesia ; Orbit* ; Orbital Fractures ; Postoperative Complications ; Titanium*

Purpose: Some patients who have undergone surgery due to lumbar disc herniation still complain of leg pain and other abnormal sensations. Therefore, the study examined the effects of the neurodynamics on pain and other abnormal nerve sensations in post-operated patients with lumbar disc herniation. Methods: The participants of this study comprised 20 adults (10 males and 10 females) who were diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation. The subjects were classified into two groups of 10 patients each in the lower extremity neurodynamics (LEN) and lumbar stabilization exercise (LSE) groups. Each intervention was applied twice a day for one week and was composed of two different exercise patterns; one was applied by a therapist, and the other was performed by the patients themselves. The data were analyzed using assessment methods of Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging (DITI), Toronto clinical neuropathy scoring system (TCNSS), Sympathetic Skin Response (SSR) test, and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scale. Results: Significant differences in TCNSS, DITI, ODI scale were observed between the LEN and LSE group (p<0.01). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the SSR test between pre and post-treatment (p>0.05). Conclusion The results indicated that neurodynamics treatment is effective in pain reduction and abnormal sensations, such as leg muscle cramps, in post-operated patients with lumbar disc herniation.

Purpose: Some patients who have undergone surgery due to lumbar disc herniation still complain of leg pain and other abnormal sensations. Therefore, the study examined the effects of the neurodynamics on pain and other abnormal nerve sensations in post-operated patients with lumbar disc herniation. Methods: The participants of this study comprised 20 adults (10 males and 10 females) who were diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation. The subjects were classified into two groups of 10 patients each in the lower extremity neurodynamics (LEN) and lumbar stabilization exercise (LSE) groups. Each intervention was applied twice a day for one week and was composed of two different exercise patterns; one was applied by a therapist, and the other was performed by the patients themselves. The data were analyzed using assessment methods of Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging (DITI), Toronto clinical neuropathy scoring system (TCNSS), Sympathetic Skin Response (SSR) test, and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scale. Results: Significant differences in TCNSS, DITI, ODI scale were observed between the LEN and LSE group (p<0.01). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the SSR test between pre and post-treatment (p>0.05). Conclusion The results indicated that neurodynamics treatment is effective in pain reduction and abnormal sensations, such as leg muscle cramps, in post-operated patients with lumbar disc herniation.

No abstract available.
Gastroenteritis* ; Humans* ; Rotavirus*

The retrobulbar injection of anesthetic widely used in intraocular surgery will produce anterior displacement of eyeball and a rise in intraocular pressure that may be sufficient to compromise ocular perfusion. We investigated whether ocular hypotensive agent and Honan intraocular pressure reducer which reduced ocular tension before retrobulbar injection effected on lessening the risk of vascular compromise after retrobulbar injection. In the 1st group(15 eyes), no ocular pressure reducing procedure was applied, a mean intraocular pressure immediately after retrobulbar injection was 22.0+/-9.7mmHg. In the 2nd group (14 eyes), using ocular hypotonic agent before retrobulbar injection, a mean intraocular pressure was 13.8+/-4.4mmHg. In the 3rd group (20 eyes), using Honan intraocular pressure reducer, a mean intraocular pressure was 14.2+/-5.2mmHg. The difference in the rise of pressure attributable to retrobulbar injection of group 1 was statistically significant. An it was in only 2 eyes of gorup 1 that hypertension (IOP >35mmHg) which put the eye at risk for vascular occlusion after retrobulbar injection developed. The digital massage for 5 minute following retrobulbar injection produced no statistical difference in intraocular pressure before cataract surgery among all 3 groups. Using ocular hypotensive agents or Honan intraocular pressure reducer before retrobulbar injection may lessen the risk of vascular compromise immediately following retrobulbar injection. And preoperative digital massage for 5 minute may adequately decrease the intraocular pressure for intraocular surgery.
Anesthesia* ; Cataract ; Hypertension ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Massage ; Perfusion

Systemic candidiasis is a life-threatening disease in premature infants and may result in several complications. Early recognition is essential, but it is delayed and treatment is difficult. Candida endophthalmitis develop with systemic infection and intraocular involvement is detected by fundus examination with an indirect ophthalmoscope. Improvement of intraocular lesion and therapeutic effect of systemic candidiasis are detected with careful retinal examination. Twenty five premature infants received indirect ophthalmoscopic examination and we investigated the prevalence of intraocular involvements and related factors for eye involvement. The ocular findings were classified chorioretinitis, endophthalmitis and nonspecific lesion, except premature vitreous haziness. Chorioretinitis in 4 infants and nonspecific lesion in 3 infants were detected but endophthalmitis was not found. There was slight difference in each group for gestational age, birth weight and ventilator etc, but no signifficant statistical difference was noted. Systemic candidiasis was treated with systemic antifungal agent, and the chorioretinitis is resolved with systemic antifungal agents. We propose that retinal examination be performed on all infants suspected of having systemic candidiasis for the diagnosis and early treatment. Funduscopy may be a helpful as an early diagnostic tool, and to monitor appropriate therapy of systemic candidiasis.
Antifungal Agents ; Birth Weight ; Candida* ; Candidiasis* ; Chorioretinitis ; Diagnosis ; Endophthalmitis ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Ophthalmoscopes ; Prevalence ; Retinaldehyde ; Sepsis* ; Ventilators, Mechanical

Cortical blindness means visual loss caused by bilateral destruction of visual cortex. Cortical blindness can develop after cerebral angiography due to hypertonic contrast medium which open the blood-brain barrier and then alternate the function of visual cortex transiently. About 30 minutes after injection of contrast medium (Ultravist 370(R)) during cerebral angiography, the patient complained of decrease of visual acuity. And 3 hours later, evaluation revealed that she could not see even the light. But her vision began to improve after 19 hours and recovered completely after 7 days. MRI taken at 12 hours after cerebral angiography showed high signal intensities in the both occipital lobes. But in repeated MRI study, which was taken after 3 days, previously noted high densities were completely disappeared. So we diagnosed this case as cortical blindness caused by hypertonic contrast medium.
Blindness, Cortical* ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Cerebral Angiography* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Occipital Lobe ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Cortex