We assessed the degree of mydriasis induced by 1% tropicamide and 2.5% phenylephrine compared with that induced by 1% tropicamide and 10% phenylephrine in 100 patients with diabetes. Additionally we studied the difference of pupillary dilatation according to duration of dibetes, severity of retinopathy, and performance of photocoagulation. Maximum dilated pupillary diameter was 7.25+/-1.27mm in 2.5% phenylephrine group and 7.32+/-1.36mm in 10% phenylephrine group, respectively the difference in pupillary dilatation between two groups was not statistically significant. We advise the use of the 2.5% phenylephrine in patients with diabetes, who already exhibit a higher prevalence of vascular disease and autonomic nerve system dysfunction because 2.5% phenylephrine may produce a lower incidence of side effects than 10% concentration and have the same effect of pupil dilatation as 10% phenylephrine.
Autonomic Pathways ; Dilatation* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Light Coagulation ; Mydriasis ; Phenylephrine* ; Prevalence ; Pupil ; Tropicamide ; Vascular Diseases

The recommended treatment of blow-out fracture varies greatly according to the operators. In addition, the implants used to span the orbital bony defect in blow-out fracture are various. Titanium is widely used for orthopaedic device for its good structural stability, excellent strength, eternal quality, high biocompatability, little risk of infection, malleability and easy fixation for operation. We had repaired inferior orbital wall fracture with Titanium mesh on 7 patients with large orbital inferior wall fracture in the posterior orbit in the last 2 years. All 7 patients showed improvements in extraocular ovements and the reduction of diplopia over 6 months. But one patient had persistent enophthalmos, and 2 patients complained of infraorbital numbness. For the reconstruction of orbital fracture, especially inferior wall in the posterior orbit, Titanium mesh may served as a good alloplastic implant without serious postoperative complications.
Diplopia ; Enophthalmos ; Fractures, Bone* ; Humans ; Hypesthesia ; Orbit* ; Orbital Fractures ; Postoperative Complications ; Titanium*

Premacular hemorrhage (preretinal,subhyaloid, or sub-internal limiting membrane hemorrhage)impairs central vision abruptly and occurs in various underlying diseases. In cases of persistent hemorrhage, permanent impairment of vision may occur. Proposed therapeutic options for premacular hemorrhage consist of conservative treatment, laser photodisruption and early vitrectomy. Laser photodisruption may be performed in cases of persistent or slow-clearing hemorrhage, in patients with occupational need for prompt restoration of binocular vision or in patients with poor vision in their fellow eyes. The authors report 4 patients with premacular hemorrhage who were treated with Nd: YAG laser photodisruption with the review of the literatures.
Hemorrhage* ; Humans ; Lasers, Solid-State* ; Membranes ; Vision, Binocular ; Vitrectomy

A combined technique for lid retraction that includes levator recession and Mullerectomy without spacers and levator and Muller muscle recession without spacers was presented. Eight procedures on eight patients were reviewed. Four patients with lid retraction had hyperthyroidism, one patient showed idiopathic lid retraction,and three patients was due to overcorrection of ptosis. Three patients showed excellent cosmetic appearance during the follow-up period of 6 to 22 months; but four patients mild limitation in elevation, and one patient insufficent correction.
Eyelids* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hyperthyroidism

Purpose: Some patients who have undergone surgery due to lumbar disc herniation still complain of leg pain and other abnormal sensations. Therefore, the study examined the effects of the neurodynamics on pain and other abnormal nerve sensations in post-operated patients with lumbar disc herniation. Methods: The participants of this study comprised 20 adults (10 males and 10 females) who were diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation. The subjects were classified into two groups of 10 patients each in the lower extremity neurodynamics (LEN) and lumbar stabilization exercise (LSE) groups. Each intervention was applied twice a day for one week and was composed of two different exercise patterns; one was applied by a therapist, and the other was performed by the patients themselves. The data were analyzed using assessment methods of Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging (DITI), Toronto clinical neuropathy scoring system (TCNSS), Sympathetic Skin Response (SSR) test, and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scale. Results: Significant differences in TCNSS, DITI, ODI scale were observed between the LEN and LSE group (p<0.01). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the SSR test between pre and post-treatment (p>0.05). Conclusion The results indicated that neurodynamics treatment is effective in pain reduction and abnormal sensations, such as leg muscle cramps, in post-operated patients with lumbar disc herniation.

Purpose: Some patients who have undergone surgery due to lumbar disc herniation still complain of leg pain and other abnormal sensations. Therefore, the study examined the effects of the neurodynamics on pain and other abnormal nerve sensations in post-operated patients with lumbar disc herniation. Methods: The participants of this study comprised 20 adults (10 males and 10 females) who were diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation. The subjects were classified into two groups of 10 patients each in the lower extremity neurodynamics (LEN) and lumbar stabilization exercise (LSE) groups. Each intervention was applied twice a day for one week and was composed of two different exercise patterns; one was applied by a therapist, and the other was performed by the patients themselves. The data were analyzed using assessment methods of Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging (DITI), Toronto clinical neuropathy scoring system (TCNSS), Sympathetic Skin Response (SSR) test, and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scale. Results: Significant differences in TCNSS, DITI, ODI scale were observed between the LEN and LSE group (p<0.01). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the SSR test between pre and post-treatment (p>0.05). Conclusion The results indicated that neurodynamics treatment is effective in pain reduction and abnormal sensations, such as leg muscle cramps, in post-operated patients with lumbar disc herniation.

No abstract available.
Gastroenteritis* ; Humans* ; Rotavirus*

PURPOSE: We examined histologic changes of 20 samples of the lacrimal gland of Koreans which were taken from 10 cadavers. METHODS: We took 20 samples of lacrimal gland from those of 4 men and 6 women and then fixed with 4% formaldehyde. We examined histologic changes of the sections under a light microscope after hematoxylin-eosin stain. RESULTS: In histologic examinations of tissue from 20 lacrimal glands, acini of abnormal lacrimal gland which were seen in the aged showed diffuse acinar atrophy, periductial fibrosis, periacinar fibrosis, and periductal chronic inflammatory cell infiltration which is composed of columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells. Abnormal lacrimal finding was relatively more diffuse with aging but fatty infiltration was present relatively irrespective of age. CONCLUSIONS: In histologic examination of tissues from cadavers, histologic changes of abnormal lacrimal gland with aging in Koreans were acinar atrophy, diffuse periacinar fibrosis, periductal fibrosis, interlobular ductal proliferation, and periductal chronic inflamm- atory cell infiltration.
Aging ; Atrophy ; Cadaver ; Epithelial Cells ; Female ; Fibrosis ; Formaldehyde ; Humans* ; Lacrimal Apparatus* ; Male

The ocular ischemic syndrome includes the ocular symptoms and sins secondary to severe carotid artery obstruction and is characterized by rubeosis iridis, anterior uveitis, retinal hemorrhage, cherry red spot, and neovascularization of the disc and/or retina. Recently, the authors have experienced a case of ocular ischemic syndrome in a 82 years old woman, who had neovascular glaucoma associated with ipsilateral internal carotid artery obstruction. Diagnosis was made by doppler ultrasonographic finding of atheroma of internal carotid artery.
Aged, 80 and over ; Carotid Arteries ; Carotid Artery, Internal* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Glaucoma, Neovascular ; Humans ; Plaque, Atherosclerotic* ; Prunus ; Retina ; Retinal Hemorrhage ; Ultrasonography, Doppler* ; Uveitis, Anterior

PURPOSE: Bacillus cereus is an important cause of post-traumatic endophthalmitis. Several different anti-biotics have been used to prevent permanent visual loss. The authors compared the efficacy of intravitreal vancomycin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of experimental Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis. METHODS: Forty eyes of 20 white rabbits were inoculated with B. cereus organisms. Ten eyes were randomized to receive intravitreal vancomycin (group 1) and 10 eyes ciprofloxacin (group 2) after 12 or 24 hours. Fellow eyes were injected with normal saline as control group. After 48 hours, the eyes were examined and graded for clinical signs of infection and enucleated for histologic examination. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference in clinical features between treated groups and control group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between vancomycin-treated group and ciprofloxacin-treated group. Compared to eyes treated 12 hours after inoculation, eyes treated 24 hours after inoculation showed worse clinical gradings (p<0.05). Histologic examination showed vancomycin or ciprofloxacin-treated groups had significant less inflammation and tissue destruction than control group (p<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in vitreous and retinal structure between ciprofloxacin-treated after 12 hours inoculation and 24 hours inoculation group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Ciprofloxacin appeared to be limiting inflammation and tissue destruction in experimental Bacillus endophthalmitis and might effective in substitute vancomycin when necessary.
Bacillus cereus ; Bacillus* ; Ciprofloxacin* ; Endophthalmitis* ; Inflammation ; Rabbits ; Retinaldehyde ; Vancomycin