No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Pericardium*

No abstract available.
Pregnancy*

The incidence of COVID-19 infection between Korea and Japan,was compared focusing on three periods covering 2020.1~2021.10, 2021.11~2021.12, and 2022.1~2022.4. Between 2020.1 and 2021.10, by population, the incidence of COVID-19 infection in Korea had always been lower than in Japan and was called “Korean protection”, its contributing factors being as follows: 1. learning from the experience of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, 2. thorough PCR examinations, 3. comprehensive triage policy, 4. efforts of medical staff, 5. cooperation between the citizens and government. In Korea between 2021.11 and 2021.12, the number of newly infected cases, hospitalized cases, and deaths per week increased 3.5-, 2.6-, and 4.8-fold, respectively, compared with October cases. The main reason for this increase was attributed to the so-called "with corona" policy adopted by the Korean government during the same period. In contrast, during the same period, the number of newly infected cases per day dropped dramatically to less than 1,000 in Japan, attributed to the high rate of vaccination implementation and adherence to social restrictions. Between 2022.1 and 2022.4, the Omicron variant (BA1 and BA2) of COVID-19 became prevalent in both countries. Especially, since March 12, an infection explosion occurred in Korea with over 300,000 people recorded consecutively every day. During the same period, in Japan, the number of newly infected cases remained at less than one hundred thousand. Intercommunication is needed between the two countries to attain COVID-19 containment.

No abstract available.
Tetralogy of Fallot*

Neurologic complications after open-heart surgery are not only relatively common but also often fatal. In order to know the clinical characteristics and causative risk factors, we carried out the retrospective study on 655 patients who had been admitted and undergone OHS at Seoul National University Children's Hospital during 2-year period from July 1990 to June 1992. The results were as follows; 1) The incidence of neurologic complications after OHS was 4.7% (31 cases) of the total 655 cases. 2) In the viewpoint of the pre-op diagnosis, neurologic complications developed in 20 cases (7.8%) among cyanotic congenital heart disease and in 11 cases (2.9%J among acyanotic CHD. 3) In the viewpoint of the type of operation, the incidence of neurologic complications was 33.3% in Jatene procedure and 12.1% in Fontan procedure. 4) Compared with the group who didn't develp neurologic complications (624 cases), cardiopulmonary bypass time, aorta cross clamp time, and total arrest time were longer and the degree of hypothermia was lower in the group who had neurologic complications (31 cases), which are statistically significant each other(p<0.01). 5) In 25 cases (80.6%), neurologic complications occurred within 72 hours after OHS. 6) Clinical manifestations of neurologic complications were seizures (26 cases, 84%), consciousness change (13 cases, 42%), hemiplegia (1 case), and decreased muscle tone (1 case). 7) Of the 31 cases, 16 cases showed more than one abnormal finding among EEG, Brain CT, or Brain MRI. 8) The possible etiologies of neurologic complications were diffuse hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (16 cases, 51.6%), focal or multiple ischemic stoke that was thought to be due to microembolisms (3 cases, 9.7%), electrolyte or acid-base imbalance (8 cases, 25.8%), and the remainders were unknown (4 cases. 12.9%) 9) In the course of neurologic complications, 11 cases (35.5%) expired, 14 cases(45.2%) recovered at discharge, 3 cases (9.7%) were controlled at discharge, and 2 cases (6.5%) had long-term sequela(one spastic quadriplegia and one hemiparesis). 10) The cause of death among mortality cases were mainly due to brain damage (7 cases), while 4 cases had other direct causes such as heart failure, respiratory failure, or sepsis.
Acid-Base Imbalance ; Aorta ; Brain ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; Cause of Death ; Child* ; Consciousness ; Diagnosis ; Electroencephalography ; Fontan Procedure ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Heart Failure ; Hemiplegia ; Humans ; Hypothermia ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain ; Incidence ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mortality ; Muscle Hypotonia ; Quadriplegia ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Seizures ; Seoul ; Sepsis

No abstract available.
Perfusion* ; Transplants*

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 2% dorzolamide, a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, on corneal endothelium. Corneal endothelial permeability, central corneal thickness, central corneal endothelial cell density and intraocular pressure were measured in both eyes before(baseline) and after the use of 2% dorzolamide t.i.d. in one eye for one week. There was significant decrease in intraocular pressure(p=0.04) after the use of 2% dorzolamide t.i.d. for one week, but there were no significant changes in corneal endothelial permeability, central corneal thickness and central corneal endothelial cell density(p>0.05 in all).
Carbonic Anhydrases ; Endothelial Cells ; Endothelium, Corneal* ; Intraocular Pressure ; Permeability

PURPOSE: To evaluate the characteristics of the bronchiectasis in diffuse panbronchiolitis using HRCT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied 12 HRCT scans and two bronchography of 12 patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis(DPB). According to Akira et al., DPB was classified into four types: small nodules around the end of bronchovascular branchings(CT type I), small nodules in the centrilobular area connected with small branching linear opacities(CT type II), nodules accompanied by ring-shaped or small ductal opacities connected to proximal bronchovascular bundles(CT type III), large cystic opacities accompanied by dilated proximal bronchi(CT type IV). We compared the type and the extent of bronchiectasis, CTtypes of DPB, and pulmonary function test. RESULTS: Bronchiectasis was defined in 12 cases with the tubular type predominantly involving small and medium-sized bronchi. These bronchiectasis involved the proximal bronchi of the centrilobular lesions of DPB. Among eight cases of advanced DPB(CT type III & IV) which extended to both upper lobes, seven showed tubular bronchiectasis at the same area. Cystic bronchiectasis was shown in eight cases predominantly involving right middle lobe(n=7). There was no linear correlation between the values of pulmonary function test and CTtypes of DPB. CONCLUSION: Characteristic feature of the bronchiectasis in DPB is the tubular ectasis predominantly involving the small and medium-sized bronchi. DPB with associated tubular bronchiectasis can involve whole lung field in advanced cases. HRCT is useful not only to depict the findings of DPB but also to demonstrate the extent of lesion.
Bronchi ; Bronchiectasis* ; Bronchography ; Humans ; Lung ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Retrospective Studies

No abstract available.
Fontan Procedure* ; Heart Ventricles*