With increasing concern for the study of the fetal aspects of pregnancy and child-birth the availability of normal standards becomes more and more important. It is very difficult to test the functional capacity of the placenta, and for this reason anatomic studies to determine the normal relationship between the placenta and the newborn infant have come to be of considerable importance. Three hundred seventy eight placentas randomly collected in the past three years and ranged of the twenty-fourth gestation week to term which were delivered at Severance Hospital of Yonsei Medical College. These were analysed statistically as to whether there was any correlation between the size of the placentas, weight of newborn, and age and parity of the mother and were studied to see if there was any clinical and statistical significance in the change of the placental coefficients. We have also tried to search for any relationship between the specific gravity and the size of the placenta and the newborn weight. In addition to these factors, clinical complications such as toxemia, anemia, intrauterine fetal death, giant baby and infarction of the placentas were included in this study to seek any relationship with the above mentioned factors. Another purpose was to obtain the proper values for Korean placentas. We have summarized this study briefly as follows. 1. The average weight of the 378 newborns was 3l68 gm and for the 340 normal cases it was 3270 gm. 2. The average weight of 378 placentas was 6l6 gm and for the 340 normal cases it was 621 gm. 3. The average volume of 378 placentas was 588 cc and for normal cases it was 596 cc. 4. The average placental dimensions were 17.9 X 14.2cm. 5. The average surface area of the 340 norma1 cases was 276 cm2. 6. The specific gravity of 340 normal cases was 1.0475 and there was no relationship to the gestation weeks and baby weight. 7. The average placental coefficient of 378 cases was 0.194 and for 340 normal cases it was 0.190 (varying from 0.100 to 0.333). The placental coefficients were greater in toxemia syphilis, intrauterine fetal death, prematurity twin pregnancy and immaturity. However it was lower in placental infarction and in relatively small placentas. In anemia and giant baby it was close to the normal average but in extremely large baby placenta coefficients was greater than Normal averages. (Baby wt. > 4500gm. ). 8. The weight of baby and the size of the placenta showed no demonstrable relationship to the age and parity of the mother. 9. statistically there was a high correlation between the weight of the infants and the weigh of the infants and the weight and volume of the placenta but somewhat low relationship to the surface area of the placenta.
Age Factors ; Anemia/pathology ; Birth Weight* ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Human ; Infant, Newborn ; Organ Weight ; Parity ; Placenta/anatomy & histology* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications/pathology ; Sex Factors ; Specific Gravity

Herniation of coil loops into the parent artery is one of the complications of endovascular embolization with detachable coils. In this clinical setting, we cannot predict the consequence of the herniated coil loop. We report an unusual case of a superior cerebellar artery (SCA) aneurysm with delayed coil herniation into the basilar artery and spontaneous reposition into the SCA.
Aneurysm ; Arteries ; Basilar Artery ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; Parents

The accuracy of Kato's self smear Kit was studied in screening a relatively unselected population group for cervical cancer. Routine cervicovaginal smears taken periodically would be the ideal method but would be unrealistic in view of the physician's time involved when considered on a large population scale. Three hundred patients were randomly selected at the Out Patient Clinic of Yonsei Medical Center and 26 cases grossly of cervical cancer were included in this group. We have here summarized the results briefly as follows. 1. Among 300 women examined in our OPD, 256 (85.3%) were classified as Pap. Class I or II, 9(0.3%) as a 'Defferred' group (Class II, Repeat), 18(6%) as Class III and 17(5.7%) as Class IV or V. 2. Fifteen of the total cases had insufficient material for evaluation (poor quality) and the major causes of the poor smears were vaginal douche within 24 hours, technical problems and cell degeneration. 3. The rate of agreement between the Self Smear Kit and cervicovaginal smear was as follows: a. The rate of complete agreement was 93.2% (280/300) b. The rate of complete or partial agreement was 96.7% (290/300). 4. The diagnostic accuracy of the Self Smear Kit was as follows: a. If we assumed the 'Deferred' group to be detection failures for uterine cancer, the diagnostic accuracy would be 82.4%. b. If we assumed the 'Deferred' group to be detection successes, the diagnostic accuracy would be 94.1%. 5. The quality of self smears was superior when taken by an aid nurse rather than by the patient herself. 6. Optimal time for good preservation with the Self Smear Kit prior to pap. stain under the following temperatures was proven experimentally to be as follows; a. At 5 degrees C: 3 days after smear b. At 15 degrees C: 3 days after smear c. At 30 degrees C: 2 days after smear
Adult ; Cervix Neoplasms/prevention & control* ; Female ; Human ; Mass Screening/methods* ; Middle Age ; Vaginal Smears/instrumentation ; Vaginal Smears/methods*

Range of Motion, Articular*

Dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) of anterior cranial fossa is a rare entity. The authors report a 57 year-old man presented with retro-orbital headache caused by a large hematoma in the right frontal lobe. Angiography demonstrated a DAVF of anterior cranial fossa fed by branches of middle meningeal and anterior ethmoidal artery. Endovascular therapy using N-butyl cyanoacrylate was tried, however, was failed to occlude the fistula. After than, the lesion was successfully obliterated by surgical means. The therapeutic roles and pitfalls of endovascular treatment and surgical treatment for the anterior fossa DAVF are discussed.
Angiography ; Arteries ; Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations* ; Cranial Fossa, Anterior* ; Cyanoacrylates ; Fistula ; Frontal Lobe ; Headache ; Hematoma ; Humans ; Middle Aged

It is known that intraocular pressure (IOP)decreases in two thirds of rheg-matogenous retinal detachment.We experienced a case of Schwartz's syndrome in a thirty-one year old male patient, who had been suffering from open angle glaucoma, anterior uveitis and retinal detachment.His vision fluctuated, improving with high IOP and decreasing with low IOP when the retina was detached.Following the retinal reattachment surgery, IOP increased and was not controlled with maximal tolerated medical therapy.Molteno tube was implanted.To our knowledge, a case of Schwartz's syndrome has not been reported in Korea.
Glaucoma, Open-Angle ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Korea ; Male ; Retina ; Retinaldehyde ; Uveitis, Anterior

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma(MFH) is a rare primary neoplasm that constitutes less than 1% of the malignant tumors of bone, and involvement of the skull is very rare. We present a case of malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the skull, presenting an intraosseous lesion in a 43-yr-old woman. She had a rapidly growing, tender mass in the right parietal region. A plain radiograph showed an osteolytic lesion of the right parietal bone. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed that the lesion showed heterogeneous low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and slightly high signal intensity on T2-weighted images. No evidence of an extraosseous extension to the adjacent dura and soft tissue was found, and a wide excision of the parietal bone was performed. Histologically, the tumor was a typical MFH displaying pleomorphic spindle cells in a storiform pattern. The results of immunohistochemical stainings revealed that the tumor cells were positive for vimentin, alpha-1-antitryp-sin, and p53, and negative for smooth muscle actin, S100 protein, desmin, and MyoD1. Three months later, a mainly cystic, recurrent mass was developed at the previously operated site. Before the resection, we first performed the percutaneous aspiration cytology, revealing diagnostic multinucleated pleomorphic cells. There-after, she had to receive repetitive resections of recurrent or residual lesions, and she died of postoperative meningoencephalitis two years after the first operation.
Actins/biosynthesis ; Adult ; Brain/pathology ; Desmin/biosynthesis ; Female ; Giant Cells/metabolism ; Histiocytoma, Fibrous/*diagnosis ; Human ; Immunohistochemistry ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mitosis ; Muscle, Smooth/metabolism ; MyoD Protein/biosynthesis ; Protein p53/biosynthesis ; S100 Proteins/biosynthesis ; Skull Neoplasms/*diagnosis ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Vimentin/biosynthesis ; alpha 1-Antitrypsin/biosynthesis

To investigate effect of fatigue and anticipation on lower extremity joint load during a side-cutting maneuver in female collegiate soccer players, thirteen female collegiate soccer players whose right leg dominant participated in this study. Three dimensional motion analysis system and a force plate were used to record the 45degrees side cutting maneuver. In the first, anticipated and unanticipated cutting were measured in the pre-fatigue condition. Second, participations performed the fatigue protocol by the squat exercise with weight lifting. And then, two different type of cutting task were measured again after fatigue condition. The cutting direction let known before start their running in case of the anticipated cutting, the random signal of cutting direction were presented in the unanticipated condition. In the results, the most influential variable was anticipation factor. Lower limb angles represented significantly flexed posture during unanticipated cutting than anticipated condition. Maximum knee flexion moment represented significantly higher in unanticipated cutting than anticipated cutting. Adduction and internal rotation moment of lower limb joint decreased in unanticipated cutting. Fatigue factor was influenced by the initial contact angles of the ankle joint. Lower limb angles at the initial ground contact indicated more erect posture in post-fatigue condition. The unanticipation factor had more effect on locomotors ability of lower limb in this study. Therefore, the sensory-motor training to adapt to unanticipated situation should be considered for the injury prevention training program.
Ankle Joint ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament ; Fatigue ; Female ; Humans ; Joints ; Knee ; Leg ; Linear Energy Transfer ; Lower Extremity ; Posture ; Running ; Soccer ; Weight Lifting

BACKGROUND: Tachycardia induced heart failure model would be the model of choice for the dilated cardiomyopathy. This more closely resembles the clinical syndrome and does not require major surgical trauma, myocardial ischemia and pharmacological or toxic depression of cardiac function. When heart failure is progressive, application of new surgical procedures to the faling heart is highly risky. It has been shown that recovery trajectory from heart failure is a new method in decreasing animal mortality. The purpose is to establish the control datas for recovery trajectory in the canine heart failure model. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 21 mongrel dogs were studied at 4 stages(baseline, at the heart failure, 4 and 8 weeks after recovery). Heart failure was induced during 4 weeks of continuous rapid pacing using a pacemaker. Eight weeks of trajectory of recovery period was allowed. Indices of left ventricular function and dimension were measured every 2 weeks and the hemodynamics were measured by use of Swan-Ganz catheterization and thermodilution method every 4 weeks. Values were expressed as mean+/-standard deviation. RESULT: 4(20%) dogs died due to heart failure. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume at the 4 stages were 40.8+/-7.4, 82.1+/-21.1, 59.9+/-7.7 and 46.5+/-6.5ml. Left ventricular end-systolic volume showed the same trend. Ejection fractions were 50.6+/-4.1, 17.5+/-5.8, 36.3+/-7.3, and 41.5+/-2.4%. Blood pressure and heart rate showed no significant changes. Pressures of central vein, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary capillary wedge showed significant increase during the heart failure period, normalizing at the end of recovery period. Stroke volumes were 21.5+/-8.2, 12.3+/-3.5, 17.9+/-4.6, and 15.5+/-3.4ml. Blood norepinephrine level was 133.3+/-60.0pg/dL at the baseline and 479.4+/-327.3pg/dL at the heart failure stage(p=0.008). CONCLUSION: Development of tachycardia induced heart failure model is of high priority due to ready availability and reasonable amenability to measurements. Recovery trajectory after cessation of tachycardia showed reduction of cardiac dilatation and heart function. Application of new surgical procedures during the recovery period could decrease animal mortality.
Animals ; Blood Pressure ; Capillaries ; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated ; Catheterization, Swan-Ganz ; Depression ; Dilatation ; Dogs ; Heart Failure* ; Heart Rate ; Heart Ventricles ; Heart* ; Hemodynamics ; Models, Theoretical ; Mortality ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Norepinephrine ; Pulmonary Artery ; Stroke Volume ; Tachycardia* ; Thermodilution ; Veins ; Ventricular Function, Left

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to develop a smartphone application to encourage breast self-examination (BSE), and to evaluate the effects of this application in terms of modifying BSE behavior. METHODS: A smartphone application, based on the Android OS, was developed with functions including a BSE date alarm, a reminder to encourage mother and daughter to practice BSE together, record keeping, and educational content with video clips. Females aged 19 and over were enrolled to evaluate the effectiveness of the application. Two series of questionnaires were carried out (before and after use of the application) by e-mail, telephone, and face-to-face interviews between July and September 2012. RESULTS: Forty-five subjects were enrolled in the study (age 29.5-5.9 years). Of the participants, only 28 (62.2%) had ever practiced BSE and only one of these (2.2%) was carried out at the appropriate time, based on the results of the baseline survey. After using the application, the number of participants practicing BSE increased from 28 to 32 (62.2% to 71.1%, p = 0.503). In subgroup analysis (age < 30 years), the number of participants using BSE increased from 8 to 18 (36.4% to 81.8%, p = 0.002), and the number of those using it at the appropriate time rose from 1 to 15 (2.2% to 33.3%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The use of the developed smartphone application increased BSE in females younger than 30 years. To confirm the long-term benefits of the mobile application, additional studies must be carried out.
Breast Neoplasms ; Breast Self-Examination* ; Breast* ; Electronic Mail ; Feasibility Studies* ; Female ; Humans ; Mothers ; Nuclear Family ; Smartphone ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Telephone