Numerous cicatrizing and granulomatous diseases that simultaneously involve choroid, retina and their intervening Bruch's membrane may cause choroidoretinal vascular anastomoses. Anastomoses at capillary level and in neovascular granulomatous tissue are probably not uncommon under these and related circumstances, but choroidal connections to large-caliber segments of otherwise normal retinal arterioles and venules are unusual. We retrospectively studied 44 eyes of 44 patients with choroidal ruptures after blunt trauma. Of 44 choroidal ruptures, three patients had chorioretinal ruptures and choroidoretinal vascular anastomoses. This report describes three cases of large-caliber choroidoretinal anastomoses after chorioretinal ruptures.

The aim of this study was to compare optic disc size obtained using the two methods Color polaroid photographs of optic disc of 130 normal subjects and 174 patients with glaucoma were evaluated by means of computeraided morphometry. In the first method, the optic disc size were calculated by applying the modified formula of an ellipse, where area=pi/4xthe horizontal diameterxthe vertical diameter. In the second method, we obtained optic disc size [] using the twelve radii that were measured every 30 degrees. Magnification effects of the eye and camera were corrected in the two methods. The measurements of the optic disc area(2.49mm2), cup area(1.01mm2) and neuroretinal rim area (1.49mm2) by the first method were significantly(P<0.003, Wilcoxon signed -rank test) different from the measurements by the second method(2.48mm2, 1.03mm2, 1.45mm2, respectively) (the average difference; 0.05+/-0.05mm2, 0.05+/-0.05mm2, 0.07+/-0.06mm2,respectively). The mean error for the neuroretinal rim area was 4.2+/-3.3% in the normal group and 7.5+/-8.5% in the glaucoma group(P=0.005). It increased with decreasing neuroretinal rim area and increasing visual field defects. Thus the magnification corrected measurements of the horizontal and vertical diameters and the modified formula of an ellipse can be used for a quick approximate estimation of the optic disc size, but cannot replace more accurate method of optic disc measurements using twelve radii.
Glaucoma ; Humans ; Visual Fields

PURPOSE: To identify the risk factors associated with false negative findings of optical coherence tomography (Stratus OCT) in patients with photographic localized retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) defects. METHODS: Twenty-four patients with preperimetric glaucoma and 173 patients with perimetric glaucoma, all with localized RNFL defects were included in the present study. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the presence or absence of detection of photographic defects by OCT. Gender, age, refractive error, diabetes, hypertension, central corneal thickness, type of glaucoma, mean deviation, pattern standard deviation, average RNFL thickness, disc area, and photographic RNFL defect related variables (location, number, and angular width) were compared between the 2 groups. Each variable was initially evaluated by univariate analysis and significant variables (p < 0.1) were included in the logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Photographic RNFL defects were not detected by OCT in 51 (25.9%) of the 197 eyes. The angular locations and widths of RNFL defects by OCT were significantly correlated with those of RNFL defects by red-free RNFL photographs (Pearson correlation coefficient R = 0.98 and 0.64, respectively). Logistic regression analysis revealed the risk factors for false negative findings of OCT included average RNFL thickness (odds ratio = 1.106, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.057-1.156, p < 0.001) and angular width of defect (odds ratio = 0.929, 95% CI = 0.884-0.977, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: This present study suggests that false negative findings of OCT in patients with photographic localized RNFL defects were associated with thicker RNFL thickness and smaller angular width of RNFL defect.
Eye ; Glaucoma ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Logistic Models ; Nerve Fibers ; Refractive Errors ; Retinaldehyde ; Risk Factors ; Tomography, Optical Coherence

Prolonged hypotony and related complications can occur after trabeculectomy, especially with adjunctive mitomycin C. Prolonged hypotony can produce a permanent reduction in vision. A 22-year-old woman with primary open-angle glaucoma underwent uncomplicated trabeculectomy. A sponge soaked with a 0.5mg/ml solution of mitomycin C was placed between the conjunctiva and the scleral flap for 5 minutes. Two weeks after surgery, visual acuity was reduced to 20/400 and intraocular pressure was 3mmHg. There were disc edema, vascular tortuosity, and radiating chorioretinal folds in the macular area. The bleb was pale, highly elevated, and extended for 270 degrees of the limbus. The anterior chamber was formed, and no bleb leak, cyclodialysis cleft, choroidal detachment were seen. Her intraocular pressure was 2-7mmHg during the 12 weeks after surgery. At the last examination, visual acuity improved at the preoperative level of 20/30 and intraocular pressure was 10mmHg. Fortunately, hypotony maculopathy had improved without any specific management.
Anterior Chamber ; Blister ; Choroid ; Conjunctiva ; Edema ; Female ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Mitomycin* ; Porifera ; Trabeculectomy* ; Visual Acuity ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVES: We compared the characteristics of the pain threshold and pain experience between demented group and non-demented group. METHODS: This study was part of Gangwon projects for early detection of dementia in 2010. We recruited 8302 local resident ages over 65 years old. Of theses, 1259 people who scored low MMSE were selected and 365 of them completed CERAD-K(Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease). Finally, 90 in non-demented group and 57 in demented group(mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease) were analyzed. Pain threshold was experimentally measured by pressure algometer and we investigated the pain experience, by Brief pain inventory (BPI), a self-report test. RESULTS: In the demographic characteristics, there are more female, higher ages, lower education in the demented group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the pain threshold. On the BPI results, 'shoulder pain', 'the number of pain' and 'interference of working' were significantly more prevalent in non-demented group. However, there are no significant differences between the groups in the 'pain severity', 'prevalence of pain' and 'pain treatment'. CONCLUSIONS: Demented group report less pain experience but, still perceived pain. It support previous studies that patient with dementia have increased pain tolerance but preserved pain threshold. Thus, active pain assessment and treatment for patients with dementia is needed.
Aged* ; Dementia* ; Education ; Female ; Gangwon-do ; Humans ; Pain Measurement ; Pain Threshold*

PURPOSE: To generate a map relating visual field (VF) test points to corresponding areas of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measured with optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with localized RNFL defects. METHODS: Twenty-four patients with preperimetric glaucoma and 173 patients with perimetric glaucoma, all with localized RNFL defects, underwent standard automated perimetry (SAP) and OCT measurements. To define zones of related point, factor analysis of the mean thresholds for the SAP test points was performed, independently for each hemifield. A map relating the VF zones to the 12 OCT sectors was plotted based on the strongest correlations between both techniques. RESULTS: Factor analysis divided the VF points into five VF zones for each hemifield. Distribution of the VF zones for the superior and inferior hemifields was slightly asymmetric. Linear regression results showed that superior VF zones corresponding to the superior arcuate and nasal step regions were best correlated with 6- and 7-o'clock RNFL sectors (inferior and inferior temporal) of thickness (r = 0.51-0.59). RNFL thinning (defined by abnormal sector at p < 5%) and regional decreases in SAP sensitivity (defined by abnormal pattern deviation at p < 5%) were topographically related. CONCLUSIONS: A newly developed VF cluster map revealed significant topographical structure-function relationships, especially in the arcuate and nasal step region of the VF.
Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Glaucoma ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Nerve Fibers ; Retinaldehyde ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Visual Field Tests ; Visual Fields

No abstract available.
Cyclosporine* ; Graft Survival* ; Kidney* ; Transplants*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnostic ability of Stratus optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters to distinguish normal eyes from those with early glaucomatous visual field defects. METHODS: One eye each of 52 normal-tension glaucoma patients with early visual field defects (mean deviation, -3.98+/-1.30dB; range, -0.01 to -5.86dB) and 88 age-matched normal subjects were enrolled. The Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and optic nerve head regions were scanned using the Stratus OCT. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AROC) and the sensitivity and specificity for various OCT parameters were used to assess the performance of OCT. RESULTS: The AROC for the C/D area ratio was 0.865. Other high AROC values included the vertical C/D ratio (0.848), the average RNFL thickness (0.813), and the RNFL thickness in the inferior quadrant (0.791). A stepwise discriminant analysis found that a combination of the C/D area ratio and RNFL thickness in the inferior quadrant could correctly identify 86.4% of the normals and 80.8% of the glaucoma patients (AROC=0.893). CONCLUSIONS: In our sample of patients with early visual field defects, Stratus OCT parameters showed moderate discriminating abilities. Combining the C/D area ratio and RNFL thickness in the inferior quadrant by discriminant analysis improved the diagnostic ability to detect glaucoma.
Discriminant Analysis ; Discrimination (Psychology)* ; Glaucoma ; Humans ; Nerve Fibers ; Optic Disk ; Optic Nerve ; Retinaldehyde ; ROC Curve ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Tomography, Optical Coherence* ; Visual Fields

Favus is a chronic dermatophyte infection of the scalp presented by thick yellow crusts within the hair follicles which leads to scarring alopecia. Favus is associated with poor hygiene and malnutrition so that it is seen almost exclusively in Africa, the Middle East and parts of South America with abruptly decreased incidence nowadays. The last report referring favus was published in 1996 in Korea, which might have historical significance. Herein, we report favus diagnosed in siblings in 1979.
Africa ; Alopecia ; Arthrodermataceae ; Cicatrix ; Hair Follicle ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Incidence ; Korea ; Malnutrition ; Middle East ; Scalp ; Siblings* ; South America ; Tinea Favosa*

To determine the optimum concentration of mitomycin C(MMC) in patients with refractory glaucoma undergoing trabeculectomy, we retrospectively examined 31 eyes of 22 patients with refractory glaucoma who underwent trabeculectomy with 0.25mg/ml MMC for 5 minutes. They were case matched with a group of 36 eyes of 28 patients who had undergone trabeculectomy with 0.5mg/ml MMC for 5 minutes by using age, gender, type of refractory glaucoma, preoperative intraocular pressure(IOP), and preoperative medications as variables. MMC was applied between the sclera and Tenon's capsule during trabeculectomy, and scleral flap was closed with tight releasable sutures. No statistically significant differences were found in mean IOP between the two groups at the one, three, six, and nine months postoperative periods. The mean follow-up was 9.3 months in the 0.25mg group and 9.8 months in the 0.5 mg group(p=0.70). At the last postoperative visit, 81%(25 eyes) in the 0.25mg group and 86%(31 eyes) in the 0.5mg group had an IOP less than 21mmHg with or without glaucoma medication(p=0.79). At the last postoperative visit, there were no statistically significant differences in mean IOP(17.2 +/- 8.6mmHg and 17.2 +/- 7.3mmHg, respectively, p=0.99), mean number of medications(0.6 +/- 0.9 and 0.5 +/- 0.7, respectively, p=0.77), and change in visual acuity(3 eyes and 6 eyes lost more than 2 lines of vision, respectively, p=0.75) between the two groups. The incidence of complications were similar between the two groups. Our data suggests similar efficacy and safety in trabeculectomy with 0.25 and 0.5mg/ml MMC for 5 minutes.
Follow-Up Studies ; Glaucoma* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intraocular Pressure ; Mitomycin* ; Postoperative Period ; Retrospective Studies ; Sclera ; Sutures ; Tenon Capsule ; Trabeculectomy*