The choice of operative procedures was determined by many factors, but the levator function is considered as the most important factor. Fox recommended that when the levator function was 2 to 9 mm, the patient should be treated by the levator resection and when the levator function was below 2 mm, the patient should be crated by frontalis suspension. But Collin recommended that when the levator function was below 4 mm, the brow suspension procedure got the better result. Beside that, many other authors recommended various opinions. Therefore, when levator function of the patients was between 2 and 4 mm, the choice of operative procedure was much confusing us. The aim of this study is to clarify which is better Procedures between levator resection and the frontalis transfer or orbicularis oculi muscle transfer among the patients with 2 to 4 mm of levator action. From Jan. of 1991 to Dec. of 1994, among 26 patients with 2 to 4 mm levator function, 13 cases of 10 patients were operated by levator resection, 21 cases of 16 patients were teated by frontalis transfer or orbicularis oculi muscle flap. The results were evaluated with the average 27 months of follow-up and we compared the result of the levator resection procedure with that of frontalis muscle transfer or orbicularis oculi muscle transfer. The preoperative average amount of ptosis is about 2.7 mm in cases with levator resection, about 4.0 mm in cases with frontalis muscle transfer or orbicularis oculi muscle flap transfer. The postoperative average amount of ptosis is about 1.7 mm in cases with levator resection about 2.14 mm in cases with frontail muscle transfer or orbicularis oculi muscle flap transfer and so the postoperative improvement of amount of ptosis is about 1.0 mm in cases with levator resection, about 1.86 mm in cases with frontails muscle transfer or orbicularis oculi muscle flap transfer. The major complication of levator resection method is undercorrection. However, the eyelid deformity due to excessive upward traction was more frequent in frontalis muscle flap technique.
Blepharoptosis* ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Eyelids ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Surgical Procedures, Operative ; Traction

No abstract available.
Subcutaneous Tissue*

No abstract available.

Damages to the sensory, autonomic and motor nerves in leprosy patients are followed by anesthesia, dryness of the skin and muscular paralysis. Most plantar ulcers in leprosy patients are caused by repetitive moderate stress. Minor injuries such as bruising sustained as a result of the misuse of anesthetic limbs may lead to ulceration, scar formation and secondary infection. Cellulitis develops and destroys subcutaneous tissue, resulting in an infection which can reach the bone. As a result of osteomyelitis, bone is absorbed, sequestra are extruded and the architecture of the foot is destructed. The most common sites of the plantar ulceration are over the metatarsal heads, the base of the fifth metatarsal, the base of the proximal phalanx, and the calcaneus. During the past 9 years, we treated 85 patients with ulcers located on the sole and the dorsum of the foot, and lower third of the leg. To prevent osteomyelitis and amputation of the lower leg, we performed various treatment modalities such as free and pedicle flaps, skin grafts, and mechanical stretching devices of the skin (e.g., Sure Closure, Proxiderm, etc), as well as consistent vacuum-assisted closure. We obtained satisfactory results in most cases. We report detailed results and related references.
Amputation ; Anesthesia ; Calcaneus ; Cellulitis ; Cicatrix ; Coinfection ; Extremities ; Foot Ulcer* ; Foot* ; Head ; Humans ; Leg ; Leprosy* ; Metatarsal Bones ; Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy ; Osteomyelitis ; Paralysis ; Skin ; Subcutaneous Tissue ; Transplants ; Ulcer

PURPOSE: Human bocavirus (hBoV), a recently discovered virus, has been detected in children with respiratory tract infections worldwide. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency and molecular phylogeny of hBoV in the respiratory samples of children with acute respiratory tract infections in 2010. METHODS: Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 953 children with lower respiratory tract infections at Severance children's hospital in Korea from January 2010 to December 2010. We applied the multiplex PCR technique for the identification of 12 respiratory viruses from the samples. Among the total specimens, hBoV positive samples were subjected to phylogenetic analysis by sequencing a fragment of the VP1/VP2 gene junction. RESULTS: hBoV was detected in 141 (14.8%) among 953 patients. The 61.7% of hBoV-positive samples were found to co-exist with other respiratory viruses. The results of phylogenetic analysis showed that all 141 hBoV-positive isolates were identified as hBoV 1, revealing a high similarity among the isolates (>98%). CONCLUSION: hBoV 1 with minimal sequence variations circulated in children with acute respiratory infections during 2010. More research is needed to determine the clinical severity and outcomes of the minimal sequence variations.
Child ; Child, Hospitalized ; Human bocavirus ; Humans ; Korea ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Phylogeny ; Respiratory System ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Viruses

AIDS, which is being spreaded world-wide, would have the number of the patients and the infected persons to several million persons since the first patient had been reported among the homosexualists in 1981, and in our country patients of 323 persons had been found till 1993, therfore we could have significant concern and warning. Accordingly, this writer intended to present basic data to the blood Project and AIDS preventive movement by investigating knowledge, attitude and concern regarding AIDS including blood donors, and analyzed data of 1,920 pages by questionaire method from March to August 1994. According to the results, it is rather well-known as far as general knowledge, attitude and concern regarding AIDS are concerned, however, items which are 20-40% wrongly known are as followings: AIDS is infected by virus. It is infected by insects such as mosquito. It is infected with tight kiss with the person infected with AIDS. Risk of being infected with AIDS will be reduced if using condom when sexual intercourse. It may be infected through the foods. It may be infected by the same bacteria attacking venereal disease. And WHO(world Health Organization) designated Dec. 1st as AIDS'Day. Items which are 40-60 wrongly known are as followings: AIDS can be infected by blood donation, Now vaccine preventing AIDS has been developed. In our country, Preventive law of AIDS is established. And in the field of the attitude and concern, it was surveyed as important as being hahdied by the broadcasting and newspaper, and 60470% of the persons answered that they would avoid AIDS infected person, and 76% of male and 87.1% of female gave the reply thet AIDS infected persons should be administered extraordinarily by isolated accommodation by the nation.
Bacteria ; Blood Donors* ; Coitus ; Condoms ; Culicidae ; Female ; Humans ; Insects ; Jurisprudence ; Male ; Periodicals ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases ; World Health Organization

No abstract available.
Burns* ; Granulation Tissue*

Endoscopic technique have become very popular in plastic and reconstructive surgery. They have provided advantages over previously closed techniques by minimizing scars, soft tissue manipulation and access with excellent visualization and magnification. More than twenty cases of facial bone surgery were performed over the past 3 years by endoscopic assistance. Our series consist of 3 cases of frontal bone contouring, 1 zygoma contouring, 3 fracture of zygoma, 9 fracture of orbit, 4 rhinoplasty for deviated nose. To accomplish this technique, a rigid 4 mm, 30 degree down angled endoscope was used. The frontal bone or zygomatic arch is approached endoscopically through two or three small incisions on the temporoparietal scalp. All endoscopic instrument are then manipulated through these incisions. The approach for zygoma complex, maxilla and mandible needs intraoral incision. Recontouring by a power bur and osteotomy using a small saw are done with endoscopic visual assistance. Rigid fixation requires an additional small incision over the plate for trocar method. The other technique was same with routine standard rhinoplasty procedures. The duration of follow-up ranged 3 months to 27 months. The postoperative course were satisfactory with fewer complication than conventional technique. The extra-time need for the endoscopic procedures was about 1 hour Endoscopically assisted facial bone recontouring, osteotomy and plate fixation can be performed with adequate visualization and direct manipulation of all facial bone. Complications usually associated with extensive incisions and pool visualization may be avoided. This technique may prove to be ideal for aesthetic surgery for facia skeleton with smaller scars and less morbidity.
Cicatrix ; Endoscopes ; Facial Bones ; Follow-Up Studies ; Frontal Bone ; Mandible ; Maxilla ; Nose ; Orbit ; Osteotomy ; Plastics ; Rhinoplasty ; Scalp ; Skeleton ; Surgical Instruments ; Zygoma

The extensive knowledge of accurate anatomical morphology and acceptable proportion of the eyelid and orbit should be needed for plastic surgeons. The normal morphological and functional values of eyelids and orbits are variable according to races, sex and ages, and there are a few articles concerning them in Korea yet. The author measured eigt items of morphological and functional values of eyelids in Koreans and statistically analyzed them in 498 individuals including 234 males and 264 females. We divided them into nine age-related groups and measured the values. Especially, we subdivided 10 to 19 year-old group into three subgroup concretely because most of the values in the 10 to 19 year-old group reach the peak level of growth. The mean values in adults were recorded as follows: The horizontal dimension of the palpebral fissure was 27.0 +/- 1.8 mm in males and 26.8 +/- 1,7 mm in females and the vertical dimension of the palpebral fissure was 8.0 +/- 1.0 mm in female. The slant of the palpebral fissure was 7.9 +/- 2.4 degrees in males and 8.8 +/- 2.3 degrees in females and the height of the opened upper eyelid was 12.4 +/- 2.4 mm in males and 12.0 +/- 1.9 mm in females. The height of double fold in closed eye was 6.6 mm in males and 6.5 mm in femals and the intercanthal distance was 38.4 +/- 3.0 mm in males and 38.2 +/- 2.8 mm in females. The interpupillary distance was 64.6 +/- 2.9 mm in males and 63.6 +/- 2.9 mm in females. A double fold was seen in 36.1% of Korean. The average height of the double fold in closed eye was about 6.5 mm. The epicanthus present in 58.6% of Korean eyes and the most commom type was epicantus tarsalis. The growth of eyelids reached the peak level at teenager in a great portion. After the peak level, the changing pattern of eyelids could be divided into 3 groups; the first one was increasing more, the second was stationary, and the third was decreasing gradually. The peak levle of growth reached at 10 to 13-year-old in the vertical dimension of the palpebral fissure, at 14 to 16-year-old in the intercanthal distance, at 17 to 19-year-old in the horizontal dimension of the palpebral fissure.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Continental Population Groups ; Eyelids* ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Orbit* ; Vertical Dimension ; Young Adult

In correction of ptosis, symmetry of lid contour, lash position and lid height must be matched. Most of blepharoptosis patients want to perform both the double eyelid operation and ptosis repair at the same time to achieve the best cosmetic and functional result. Using a surgical technique directed at the levator aponeurosis or the frontalis muscle with double eyelid operation, we corrected 13 cases of unilateral and 10 cases of bilateral congenital blepharoptosis. In unilateral ptosis with good or fair levator function, levator resection was performed and the position of the lid margin was adjusted at 1~2 mm below the superior limbus. The height of the lid crease of the ptotic eye is determined 1~3 mm lower than that of normal side. The position of the lid margin is adjusted at the level of the superior limbus and the height of the lid crease of the ptotic eye is determined 2~4 mm lower than that of nonptotic side. The advantages of this approach are normal anatomic planes of the eyelid are maintained, to obtain symmetry of both eyelids relatively easily, entropion may be prevented, and to achieve aesthetically pleasing results.
Blepharoptosis* ; Entropion ; Eyelids* ; Humans