Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate in the world and is the most common cancer type in Asiancountries. In developed countries, new cases and lung cancer among women tend to increase, while in less developed countries, the death rate of this cancer is high and its prevalence is higher among males.
Moreover, in many studies conducted in recent years worldwide, a sample of the studies containing early detection, diagnosis, and treatment that can be implemented at the national level was translated and compiled.
Improvement of public health education, availability of health care services, an increase of human resource capacity, implementation of early detection programs among the public, and early detection with a reduced dose of KTG among the target group are expectations of the public health sector.
Special attention should be paid to issues such as reducing smoking among the people of Mongolia, immediately solving the problem of air pollution in central areas, assessing and reducing the risk factors of occupational diseases of mining workers, and introducing modern methods of treatment and diagnosis in health care services. The time has come to take multifaceted measures to prevent lung cancer, which has a high global disease burden and economic burden, with public participation.

Introduction: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world, and half of all new cases (59.6%) are recorded in Asia. Smoking remains the leading cause of death from lung cancer and COPD, followed by air pollution. Therefore, in Ulaanbaatar, where the population concentration is high and air pollution is high, there is a need to study the new cases and deaths of lung cancer in detail. Purpose: It is aimed to evaluate the prevalence of new cases and deaths of lung cancer among the population of Ulaanbaatar. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed new cases and deaths diagnosed with lung cancer from 2013 to 2023 in the city of Ulaanbaatar using a single-moment design of descriptive research. The quantitative data of the study included the diseases recorded using the International Classification of Diseases X (ICD-10) and lung cancer codes C-33 and C-34. The numerical data collected during the research were processed in the Microsoft Office Excel-13 program and processed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 23 program. Results: A review of the newly registered lung cancer epidemic in Ulaanbaatar from 2014-2022 has observed an increase in the number of new cases recorded in Songinokhairkhan, Sukhbaatar, Khan-Uul, and Baganuur districts in those years and in recent years in the Bayanzurkh and Sukhbaatar districts. Men were three times more likely than women to develop lung cancer, with new cases and deaths highest in the 55-69 age group. The cancer diagnosis was diagnosed using imaging devices. Of the total cases diagnosed, 9 out of every 10 people diagnosed are diagnosed later, or 3.4 per cent, and 69.5 per cent are diagnosed with jumping stages. Conclusion Although the number of new cases and deaths among the population of Ulaanbaatar is relatively lower than the national average, there has been an increasing trend in recent years.

Background: The first case of COVID-19 was reported in our country on November 11, 2020. As of 2023, a total of 869,385 cases and 2,128 deaths have been recorded nationwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended that countries use 15 vaccines from 11 manufacturers listed for emergency use. The WHO has advised low-income member states to prioritize vaccinating healthcare workers and other high-risk populations vulnerable to severe illness and death from COVID-19. The main goal of the coronavirus vaccination program is to prevent infection, complications, and death among priority target groups, such as healthcare workers and other populations at high risk of severe illness. The effectiveness of the vaccination is measured by its ability to reduce the risk of illness, hospitalization, and death from COVID-19-related complications among vaccinated individuals. While extensive research is being conducted globally to develop, evaluate, and assess the effectiveness and outcomes of COVID-19 vaccines, there has been limited research focused on these outcomes within our country. This gap highlights the need for and serves as the basis of the present study. Аim: To assess the risk of infection, hospitalization, and associated risk factors among healthcare workers vaccinated against COVID-19, and to examine the factors that influence these risks. Materials and Methods: A This follow-up study was conducted over an 80-week period—at weeks 12, 24, and 48—from February 23, 2021, to December 31, 2022. The study involved healthcare workers from Ulaanbaatar city and the aimags of Bayankhongor, Orkhon, Bulgan, Dundgovi, Darkhan-Uul, and Dornod. The study was conducted over a period of 1.5 years (80 weeks) following the administration of the first two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. Data were collected from participants at three time points: before vaccination, after the second dose, and after each booster dose. A structured questionnaire comprising 7 sections and 49 questions was used for data collection, and the results were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. Results: Of the total respondents, 574 (60%) worked in direct contact with infected individuals in the 'red zone,' while 370 (40%) worked in the 'yellow zone.' Additionally, 250 participants (27.1%) were healthcare workers from Ulaanbaatar city, and 674 (72.9%) were from rural areas. In our observational study, the risk of new infections among healthcare workers increased over time, rising from 38.4% at week 24 to 59.6% by week 80. Hospitalizations also increased during the follow-up period: 24 cases (2.6%) were recorded at week 12, 160 (17.3%) at week 24, 202 (21.9%) at week 48, and 204 (22.1%) by week 80. Among frontline workers in rural areas, those in Bayankhongor and Orkhon aimags exhibited a lower risk of infection compared to their counterparts in other aimags. Conclusion In our follow up study, an increase in the duration since primary immunization was associated with a higher risk of new infection among workers, rising from 38.4% at 24 weeks to 59.6% at 80 weeks post-vaccination. Administration of additional (booster) immunizations was associated with a reduced risk of subsequent infection. COVID-19 vaccination was associated with a reduced risk of complications necessitating hospitalization. Employment in rural settings and designated red zones was identified as a risk factor for incident infections, hospitalizations, and reinfections.