·AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of standard and undercorrected surgical methods in patients with partially accommodative esotropia (PAET).·METHODS: Twenty-five patients with PAET and normal accommodative convergence/accommodation ( AC/A )were divided into two groups for alternate surgical plan including standard method (13 patients) and under-corrected method (12 patients) in a randomized fashion.Standard method is based on measured deviation through full hyperopic correction at distant target and was performed by Parks scheme. Undercorrected method criteria is 20% lower than standard. All patients underwent symmetrical bilateral medial rectus recessions (BMR), and all of them were followed for 6 months.·RESULTS: Six months after operation, surgical success (defined as tropia =s 8A at distant and near fixation through full hyperopic correction) was 46% in standard group and 91% in undercorrected group. Overcorrection were observed 54% in standard group and 9% in undercorrected group (P＜0.05). There was no residual esotropia. There was no correlation between surgical success rate or overcorrection rate and age, mean of preoperative spherical equivalent or preoperative eye deviation.·CONCLUSION: Undercorrected BMR surgery has a lower overcorrection rate and higher surgical success rate than standard surgery in patients with PAET and normal AC/A.

AIM: To identify various risk factors that may play a significant role in the development of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction(CNLDO).METHODS: This observational case-control study included a case group of 122 children less than two years of age with CNLDO who underwent probing and irrigation treatment at the ophthalmology department of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz, Iran, from June 2022 to June 2024. A control group of 122 age-matched children without CNLDO was also included for comparison. Data was collected from the children's medical records. RESULTS:The study found a significant correlation between the occurrence of CNLDO and several maternal factors, such as preeclampsia, the use of levothyroxine, hypothyroidism, having more than three pregnancies(gravidity >3), natural pregnancy, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Additionally, in children, factors, such as oxygen therapy, anemia, reflux, jaundice, and a family history of CNLDO in first-degree relatives were associated with CNLDO, and maternal preeclampsia and hypothyroidism were found to significantly increase the risk of developing CNLDO in children.CONCLUSION: Given that CNLDO affects both premature and full-term children, the present findings may potentially facilitate the early identification of children and infants at risk of nasolacrimal duct obstruction, thereby preventing the onset of chronic dacryocystitis.