Background: Liposomes have been widely studied in the field of medicine in recent years for they can reduce side effects and regulate drug release by delivering active ingredients to target tissues and cells through active or passive routes. There are many types of methods for formulating liposomes, and comparing those methods and choosing the most suitable one will allow the delivery of active ingredients and their incorporation into pharmaceutical forms, so this research was carried out. Aim: To compare liposome formation methods. Materials and Methods: The research work was carried out with the support of “Drug Design Laboratory” and “Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory” of the School of Pharmacy of MNUMS. To formulate liposomes, 5 different concentrations of samples were prepared using thin-film hydration, ethanol injection, and heating methods. Phospholipid concentration and light absorption were determined by spectrophotometer in each sample. The size of the resulting liposome was determined using a Nanophox. Results: Phosphatidilcholines were dissolved in distilled water at concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 μg/ml and a standard curve was established by spectrophotometry to determine the concentration of phospholipids in liposome samples. The highest formulation was 76.98% when 75 mg of phospholipid was used in the preparation by thin film hydration method, when 50 mg of phospholipid was used in the preparation by ethanol injection method, the highest formulation was 85.17%, and for when 50 mg of phospholipid was used in the preparation by heating method, the highest formulation was 58.45%. The mean liposome size by ethanol injection method was 115 nm. Conclusions 1. Ethanol injection method for liposome formulation is more efficient compared to thin-film hydration method and heating method. 2. Liposome size was 115 nm when prepared by ethanol injection.

Background: Vitamin E is an oil-soluble compound with antioxidant properties against free radicals. It has been used in cosmetic practice since long time ago. However, it is unstable to light and heat, and even when formulated into pharmaceuticals, it has poor skin penetration, which can reduce the effectiveness of the treatment. Therefore, by encapsulating Vitamin E in liposomes and forming a gel, it is possible to produce a highly therapeutically effective drug form that supports skin homeostasis and provides moisturizing benefits. To this reason, it is necessary to determine the appropriate methods and conditions for encapsulation in liposomes, which is the basis for conducting this study. Aim: The goal of the research is to develop a technology for preparing vitamin E-loaded liposomes and incorporating them into a gel formulation. Materials and Methods: Liposomes were formed using thin film hydration, ethanol injection, and heating methods, each with 5 different concentrations, and liposome formation was determined spectrophotometrically for each sample. The size of the formed liposomes was determined using a Nanophox instrument. Six gel models were prepared and compared for quality parameters. Results: The highest yield was obtained when 75 mg of phospholipids were used in the thin film hydration method, which is 82.3%; the highest yield was obtained when 50 mg of phospholipids were used in the ethanol injection method, which is 86.75%; and the highest yield was obtained when 50 mg of phospholipids were used in the heating method, which is 58.8%. The average size of liposomes prepared by ethanol injection and dissolved in distilled water was 106 nm. The gel bases were prepared using models F1-F6, and the pH values of models F4 and F5 were suitable. Conclusions 1. Among the three methods for liposome formation, the ethanol injection method had the highest yield. 2. The ethanol injection method had the highest encapsulation when prepared with a phospholipid:vitamin E ratio of (1:10). 3. For gel base model F5 was suitable which is carbomer 1.0%, preservative propylparaben 0.02%, pH adjuster sodium hydroxide, and permeability enhancer propylene glycol 10%.

Introduction: One of the quality assurance measurements for medical schools is the achievement of students who have graduated in the assessment of the knowledge, skills and attitudes they are trained in. Goal: To analyze assignment of theoretical and practical exam and to identify the level of кknowledge students who have graduate at “Ach” Medical University during 2015-2016 academic year. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on a cross sectional and descriptive study through the based on the task of analyzing the 261 graduate students theoretical and practical exam performance of the bachelor degree in Medicine, Dentistry, Traditional Medicine and Nursing of Ach Medical University of Mongolia /AMU/ and was assessed and to identify a reliability coefficient, difficulty factor, discrimination index, Hoffsten’s score. Results: The reliabiliy coefficient of graduate exam meets requirement when it’s 0.94-0.96. According to the analysis of the 300 test of the each classroom of graduates was 70 percent (n=202) with weak dicrimination index, difficallty factor was more than 50 percent too easy, The Hoffsten’s score to which exam was passed of Medical graduates is 70 percent, traditional medicine is 87 percent, dentistry is 79 percent, the nursing is a Hoffsten’s score was 80 percent. Conclusions The reliability coefficient the theoretical exam of the graduates’ knowledge is convenient for all occupations, and whole field examines the weak difficulty index (DI≤0) for all field examinations. The Hoffsten’s score is 70% above the medical field. Graduate assignments can not discriminate graduates’ knowledge and skills levels and the difficulty factor graduate examination was very easy.

Introduction: The curriculum development is important issue, especially sudent’s evaluations for the implementation of the curriculum. Accordingly this time we conducted this survey to determine the level of satisfaction of students, which is a key factor in implementation of curriculum at the “Ach” Medical University. Goal: To determine student’s satisfaction level in the curriculum implementation of “Ach” Medical University Materials and Methods: Study was conducted descriptive study design using quantitative research methodology. The Likert scale (1-5) used for the assessment of satisfaction score. Total 1105 students were included in the study. Study questionnaire included 2 groups with 17questionnaires. Results: Students’ satisfaction level is 3.22 point on average and students gave lowest points 2.77 on the quality of classroom, school environment, training equipment and books and course materials. Conclusions The average satisfaction score was 3.22 above the average but the some factors including classroom capacity, study environment, training equipment and books and course materials, textbooks were below average.

Background: Membranous nephropathy (MN) is among the most common causes of nephrotic syndrome in adults. MN is diagnosed in one third of cases of nephrotic syndrome on kidney biopsy. Kidney biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing MN and plays an important role in determining the severity of the disease and in determining treatment decisions and regimens. Therefore, the lack of research on kidney biopsy in Mongolia is the reason for this study. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the pathological features in the kidney tissues of patients with primary membranous nephropathy diagnosed by kidney biopsy. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 51 cases of MN diagnosed in kidney biopsies performed at the First Central Hospital of Mongolia (FCHM) over a period of 12 years. Renal function was calculated using the CKD-EPI (2021) formula and classified into the stage of CKD by eGFR. Histopathological findings were examined using 4 light microscopy (LM) stains (Hematoxylin-Eosin, Masson-Trichrome, PAS, and Methenamine silver staining) and 8 immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy stains (IgG, A, M, complement C3, C4, C1q, and kappa, lambda). The study excluded secondary MN based on viral markers, tumor markers, and serological tests. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and STATA 15.0 software, using t-tests, Pearson’s chi-square tests, and multiple group comparisons were performed using ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis methods. The study design was approved by the Ethics Committee of the MNUMS, Mongolia. (№ 2023/3-07) Results: A total of 305 kidney biopsies performed at the Kidney Center of the FCHM between 2011 and 2023 resulted in the diagnosis of 51 cases of primary MN. The mean age of patients with membranous nephropathy was 40.6±9.3 years, with the oldest age of 65 and the youngest of 22 years, and 36 (70.59%) were male and 15 (29.41%) were female. In the kidney biopsy, the average number of glomeruli was 16.51±7.82 (min-max, 3-54), and by LM, 33.3% showed global sclerosis of glomeruli by hematoxylin-eosin staining, 94.12% showed thickening of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), 31.2% showed double counter staining of subepithelial immune complexes by methenamine-silver staining, 88.24% showed holes in the GBM, and 54.9% showed spike-like changes by Masson-Trichrome staining. IF showed IgG 3+ in 37.3%, 2+ in 39.2%, 1+ in 13.7%, and trace staining in 9.8%, while 74.5% of the cases were positive for C3, 93.1% for kappa, and 79.5% for lambda. LM showed thickening of the GBM (OR 23.5, 95% CI 0.093-0.53, p value= 0.007) and interstitial fibrosis (95% CI 6.98-31.07, p value= 0.003) contributing to the decrease in eGFR. The mean time from the onset of the first symptoms of kidney disease to the time of kidney biopsy was 35.35±61.54 months. Patients who underwent biopsy later (in months) after the diagnosis of the disease had a higher incidence of interstitial fibrosis (74.6 ± 98.43, 95% CI -90.52-20.68, p value = 0.002). Conclusion The histopathological features of MN confirmed by kidney biopsy showed thickening of the GBM in 94.12%, global sclerosis in 33.3%, and holes in 88.2%. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed 100% IgG staining, while C3, kappa, and lambda were positive in 74.5%, 93.1%, and 79.5%, respectively.

Introduction: Researchers have found that people living in polluted areas have a lower ability to resist skin bacteria and increase the number of skin microflora. Decreased immune function increases the risk of sore throat, influenza, respiratory infections, pneumonia and gastrointestinal diseases. One of the main indicators of the human immune system is the normal microflora. Goal: To study the relationship between normal human microflora and specific immunity. Material and Methods: This study was conducted within the framework of the project “Effects of non-specific immune factors on injectable infectious disease immune system”. The survey sampled 10 households from Dornod aimag, 8th khoroo of Chingeltei district, Ulaanbaatar city, and 3rd khoroo of Baganuur district. A total of 176 people aged 6 months to 50 years were involved. A total of 528 swab samples and 31 blood samples were collected from the throat, tonsils, skin and mucous membranes to study the relationship between normal human microflora and specific immunity.
The research methodology was discussed at the meeting of the Academic Council of the Ministry of Social Welfare and the Medical Ethics Review Committee under the Ministry of Health (January 5, 2018, Resolution 646) and the research was approved. Results: The total number of normal microorganisms in the skin and mucous membranes of the study participants changed, and the number of hemolytic strains and fungi increased. 58%-67% of the participants had normal and long-term immunity against diphtheria and tetanus, while 5% -14% were not. This result was as high as in urban and rural areas. Conclusion This result was as high as in urban and rural areas. As the age group increases, the level of the body’s specific immunity decreases, the structure of the normal microflora changes, and the number of fungi and hemolytic bacteria increases. Furthermore, it is necessary to study specific and nonspecific immunity in detail in relation to environmental pollution indicators.