1.Anticariogenic properties of Solanum ferox L. ethanol extract
Siti Zaleha Raduan ; Khairah Nasrin Abdul Khalid ; Mark Fitchell Ak Jihek ; Sivagami Ganasan ; Umi Syazana Salim ; Muhammad Wahizul Haswan Abdul Aziz
Annals of Dentistry 2019;26(1):22-29
Solanum ferox L. is a plant species which belongs to the Solanaceae family and the genus Solanum. The
Solanum genus was found to exhibit anticariogenic activity and was traditionally used to treat oral diseases.
However, there is no scientific study done specifically for Solanum ferox L. Hence the aim of the study is to
determine the anticariogenic properties of flesh and leaf of ethanolic extract of Solanum ferox L. Alkaloids,
flavonoids and tannins were detected in the leaf ethanolic extract via preliminary phytochemical screening.
The presence of these phytochemicals may contribute to the anticariogenic activity. Treatment with different
concentrations of flesh and leaf of ethanolic extract were used against Streptococcus pyogenes and
Staphylococcus aureus via the method of agar well diffusion to indicate zones of inhibition. The antibiofilm
activity of the flesh and leaf ethanolic extracts was tested. The flesh and leaf ethanolic extracts possess
antimicrobial activity dose-dependently and positive antibiofilm activity against respective pathogens. The
flesh ethanolic extract has stronger anticariogenic activity compared to leaf ethanolic extract against
respective pathogens. Streptococcus pyogenes exhibited higher susceptibility as compared to Staphylococcus
aureus. In conclusion, it has been shown that the ethanolic extract of Solanum ferox L. exhibit anticariogenic
properties against Streptococus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus.
2.Two cases of cholera O1 in South Batinah, Oman, April 2019: lessons learned
Zayid K AL MAYAHI ; Nasser AL-SHAQSI ; Hamid A ELMUTASHI ; Ali AL-DHOYANI ; Azza AL HATTALI ; Khalid SALIM ; Issa S AL FULAITI ; Mahmood S AL SUBHI
Epidemiology and Health 2019;41(1):e2019033-
Cholera represents an ongoing threat to many low-income and middle-income countries, but some cases of cholera even occur in high-income countries. Therefore, to prevent or combat cholera outbreaks, it is necessary to maintain the capacity to rapidly detect cholera cases, implement infection control measures, and improve general hygiene in terms of the environment, water, and food. The 2 cases, 1 imported and 1 secondary, described herein are broadly indicative of areas that require improvement. These cases were missed at the primary health care stage, which should be the first detection point even for unusual diseases such as cholera, and the absence of strict infection control practices at the primary care level is believed to contribute to secondary cases of infection. This report also encourages countries to ensure that rapid diagnostic stool tests are available to enable quick detection, as well as to provide information to people travelling to areas where cholera is endemic.
Cholera
;
Disease Outbreaks
;
Epidemiology
;
Hygiene
;
Infection Control
;
Oman
;
Primary Health Care
;
Water
3.Two cases of cholera O1 in South Batinah, Oman, April 2019: lessons learned
Zayid K AL MAYAHI ; Nasser AL-SHAQSI ; Hamid A ELMUTASHI ; Ali AL-DHOYANI ; Azza AL HATTALI ; Khalid SALIM ; Issa S AL FULAITI ; Mahmood S AL SUBHI
Epidemiology and Health 2019;41():e2019033-
Cholera represents an ongoing threat to many low-income and middle-income countries, but some cases of cholera even occur in high-income countries. Therefore, to prevent or combat cholera outbreaks, it is necessary to maintain the capacity to rapidly detect cholera cases, implement infection control measures, and improve general hygiene in terms of the environment, water, and food. The 2 cases, 1 imported and 1 secondary, described herein are broadly indicative of areas that require improvement. These cases were missed at the primary health care stage, which should be the first detection point even for unusual diseases such as cholera, and the absence of strict infection control practices at the primary care level is believed to contribute to secondary cases of infection. This report also encourages countries to ensure that rapid diagnostic stool tests are available to enable quick detection, as well as to provide information to people travelling to areas where cholera is endemic.
4.Two cases of cholera O1 in South Batinah, Oman, April 2019: lessons learned
Zayid K AL MAYAHI ; Nasser AL-SHAQSI ; Hamid A ELMUTASHI ; Ali AL-DHOYANI ; Azza AL HATTALI ; Khalid SALIM ; Issa S AL FULAITI ; Mahmood S AL SUBHI
Epidemiology and Health 2019;41(1):2019033-
Cholera represents an ongoing threat to many low-income and middle-income countries, but some cases of cholera even occur in high-income countries. Therefore, to prevent or combat cholera outbreaks, it is necessary to maintain the capacity to rapidly detect cholera cases, implement infection control measures, and improve general hygiene in terms of the environment, water, and food. The 2 cases, 1 imported and 1 secondary, described herein are broadly indicative of areas that require improvement. These cases were missed at the primary health care stage, which should be the first detection point even for unusual diseases such as cholera, and the absence of strict infection control practices at the primary care level is believed to contribute to secondary cases of infection. This report also encourages countries to ensure that rapid diagnostic stool tests are available to enable quick detection, as well as to provide information to people travelling to areas where cholera is endemic.
Cholera
;
Disease Outbreaks
;
Epidemiology
;
Hygiene
;
Infection Control
;
Oman
;
Primary Health Care
;
Water
5.Association of Parental Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Oral Health With Early Childhood Caries Among Preschool Children: A Systematic Review
Mohammed Khalid Salim Alsharif ; Ahmad Iqmer Nashriq Mohd Nazan ; Suriani Ismail
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2020;16(No.2):300-307
Early childhood caries (ECC) is a serious public health problem in both developing and developed countries. Given that children mainly depend on their parents for their day-to-day activities, it is important to investigate the extent of parental influence on the oral health of their children. The objective of this study is to review the association of parental knowledge, attitude, and practice of oral health with ECC among preschool children. PubMed, Medline, and Google scholar were used to search for related articles published within the past 10 years. All of the studies that investigated parental oral health practice have shown association with the development of dental caries. However, there were discrepancies in the outcome of studies that examined the association of parental knowledge and attitude with ECC. More investigations on parental knowledge and attitude are needed to clarify their association with ECC.
6.Association of Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Apolipoproteins with Stroke Subtypes in an International Case Control Study (INTERSTROKE)
Martin J. O’DONNELL ; Matthew MCQUEEN ; Allan SNIDERMAN ; Guillaume PARE ; Xingyu WANG ; Graeme J. HANKEY ; Sumathy RANGARAJAN ; Siu Lim CHIN ; Purnima RAO-MELACINI ; John FERGUSON ; Denis XAVIER ; Liu LISHENG ; Hongye ZHANG ; Prem PAIS ; Patricio LOPEZ-JARAMILLO ; Albertino DAMASCENO ; Peter LANGHORNE ; Annika ROSENGREN ; Antonio L. DANS ; Ahmed ELSAYED ; Alvaro AVEZUM ; Charles MONDO ; Conor JUDGE ; Hans-Christoph DIENER ; Danuta RYGLEWICZ ; Anna CZLONKOWSKA ; Nana POGOSOVA ; Christian WEIMAR ; Romana IQBAL ; Rafael DIAZ ; Khalid YUSOFF ; Afzalhussein YUSUFALI ; Aytekin OGUZ ; Ernesto PENAHERRERA ; Fernando LANAS ; Okechukwu S. OGAH ; Adesola OGUNNIYI ; Helle K. IVERSEN ; German MALAGA ; Zvonko RUMBOLDT ; Shahram OVEISGHARAN ; Fawaz AL HUSSAIN ; Yongchai NILANONT ; Salim YUSUF ;
Journal of Stroke 2022;24(2):224-235
Background:
and Purpose The association of dyslipidemia with stroke has been inconsistent, which may be due to differing associations within etiological stroke subtypes. We sought to determine the association of lipoproteins and apolipoproteins within stroke subtypes.
Methods:
Standardized incident case-control STROKE study in 32 countries. Cases were patients with acute hospitalized first stroke, and matched by age, sex and site to controls. Concentrations of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1), and apoB were measured. Non-HDL-C was calculated. We estimated multivariable odds ratio (OR) and population attributable risk percentage (PAR%). Outcome measures were all stroke, ischemic stroke (and subtypes), and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).
Results:
Our analysis included 11,898 matched case-control pairs; 77.3% with ischemic stroke and 22.7% with ICH. Increasing apoB (OR, 1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06 to 1.14 per standard deviation [SD]) and LDL-C (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.10 per SD) were associated with an increase in risk of ischemic stroke, but a reduced risk of ICH. Increased apoB was significantly associated with large vessel stroke (PAR 13.4%; 95% CI, 5.6 to 28.4) and stroke of undetermined cause. Higher HDL-C (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.72 to 0.78 per SD) and apoA1 (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.66 per SD) were associated with ischemic stroke (and subtypes). While increasing HDL-C was associated with an increased risk of ICH (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.27 per SD), apoA1 was associated with a reduced risk (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.75 to 0.85 per SD). ApoB/A1 (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.32 to 1.44 per SD) had a stronger magnitude of association than the ratio of LDL-C/HDL-C (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.21 to 1.31 per SD) with ischemic stroke (P<0.0001).
Conclusions
The pattern and magnitude of association of lipoproteins and apolipoproteins with stroke varies by etiological stroke subtype. While the directions of association for LDL, HDL, and apoB were opposing for ischemic stroke and ICH, apoA1 was associated with a reduction in both ischemic stroke and ICH. The ratio of apoB/A1 was the best lipid predictor of ischemic stroke risk.