Cyclic strabismus is now well recognized, but remains a rare entity. This heterotropia represents an interesting ocular motility problem in which the ocular deviation is present on a rhythmic basis, usually a 48 hour cycle. On the strabismic day, constant heterotropia is large and associated with suppression and no diplopia. On the nonstrabismic day, no deviation or only a small heterophoria is present with good binocular function. Most of these strabismus were presented with esotropia, but in our case, the pattern of deviation is cyclic exotropia. This is a very rare and unique feature.
Diplopia ; Esotropia ; Exotropia* ; Strabismus ; Telescopes

The authors report the incidence of myopia in a group of premature infants with birth weights of less than 1500g and/or gestational age less than 33 weeks. One hundred sixty eight babies who were born in one hospital from Jan. 1991 to Dec. 1993 were included. Eyes were refracted using cycloplegic retinoscopy at 6 months after term. Myopia was observed in 49.8% of the refracted eyes. High myopia was observed in 1.4%. The history of acute retinopathy of prematurity was not associated with the development of myopia or high myopia(Fishers exact test, p>0.05), but the history of threshold retinopathy of prematurity was associated with the high incidence of myopia and high myopia(Chi-square test, p<0.05).
Birth Weight ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Myopia* ; Retinopathy of Prematurity* ; Retinoscopy

The scanning laser ophthalmoscope was used to measure arm-retinal time(ART) and arteriovenous passage time(AVP) in 27 non-proliferative diabetic retinopathic eyes(NPDR eyes) and 22 normal controls. The ART in NPDR eyes(12.10 +/- 4.21 sec) was similar to that in normal eyes(12.79 +/- 3.59 sec). The AVPs measured from each quadrant were significantly longer in all quadrants in the NPDR eyes (2.41 +/- 0.85 sec in superior temporal quadrant (ST), 2.29 +/- 0.63 sec in inferior temporal one(IT) , 2.41+/-0.88 see in superior nasal one (SN), and 2.30 +/- 0.72 sec in inferior nasal one(IN)) than in normal eyes(1.73 +/- 0.61 sec in ST, 1.81 +/- 0.75 sec in IT, 1.83 +/- 0.58 sec in SN, and 1.83 +/- 0.58 sec in IN). This results suggest that retinal blood flow and its velocity are reduced in NPDR.
Diabetic Retinopathy* ; Ophthalmoscopes* ; Retinaldehyde*

Fifteen patients, 15 eyes with medically uncontrollable glaucomas and poor surgical prognoses underwent one-stage, single plate Molteno implatation without postoperative adjunctive systemic antifibrosis therapy. The Molteno implant procedures were successful in 12 (80%) of the 15 eyes. The visual acuity was improved in 2 eyes (13%), but worsened in 2 eyes (13%). Complications included hyphema in 5 eyes (33%), choroidal detachment in 4 eyes (26%), shallow anterior chamber in 3 eyes (20%), tube-iris touch in one eye (6%).
Anterior Chamber ; Choroid ; Glaucoma* ; Humans ; Hyphema ; Prognosis ; Visual Acuity

Persistent pupillary membranes are common congenital disorders. To reduce the surgical complications, we used vitreous scissors instead of conventionally used Vannas scissors to remove the membrane and reviewed the surgical results. Five eyes of 4 children with persistent pupillary membrane were treated by surgery. Through the 1.5 mm limbal incision, the membrane was removed by using vitreous scissors after intracameral sodium hyaluronate. After 22.6 months follow-up, all pupils of operated eyes were round and no complications associated with the surgery were found. Three eyes showed improved visual acuities after the operation. We suggest that the surgery with vitreous scissors is better than with Vannas scissors.
Anterior Chamber ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hyaluronic Acid/administration & dosage ; Infant ; Injections ; Iris/*abnormalities ; Iris Diseases/*congenital/*surgery ; Male ; Pupil ; Surgical Instruments ; Treatment Outcome

A 68-year-old male patient presented with a week of sudden diplopia. He had been diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer 8 months prior and had undergone chemotherapy with radiotherapy. Eight-prism diopter right esotropia in the primary position and a remarkable limitation in abduction in his right eye were observed. Other pupillary disorders and lid drooping were not found. After three weeks, the marginal reflex distance 1 was 3 mm in the right eye and 5 mm in the left eye. The pupil diameter was 2.5 mm in the right eye, and 3 mm in the left eye under room illumination. Under darkened conditions, the pupil diameter was 3.5 mm in the right eye, and 5 mm in the left eye. After topical application of 0.5% apraclonidine, improvement in the right ptosis and reversal pupillary dilatation were observed. On brain magnetic resonance imaging, enhanced lesions on the right cavernous sinus, both sphenoidal sinuses, and skull base suggested the invasion of nasopharyngeal cancer. Lesions on the cavernous sinus need to be considered in cases of abducens nerve palsy and ipsilateral Horner's syndrome.
Abducens Nerve Diseases/*etiology ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/complications/pathology/therapy ; Cavernous Sinus/pathology ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Horner Syndrome/*etiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/complications/pathology/therapy

We examined a 4-year-old girl who had showed retraction of the left upper eyelid on downward gaze since birth. She had no history of birth trauma, eye surgery, or oculomotor nerve palsy. Corrected visual acuity was 0.3 OU. Motility examination revealed no phoria or tropias. Full ductions and versions were present in all fields of gaze. In primary gaze, the upper eyelids were in normal position and symmetric, and the levator function of the both eyes was normal. On downward gaze, the left upper eyelid was retracted 3.5 mmcompared with the right upper lid. On left and downward gaze, the left upper lid retraction increased to 8 mm. Result of computed tomography of brain and orbits was normal. This case is clinically rare and may be the first report of congenital levator-inferior rectus synkinesis in the Korean literature.
Brain ; Child, Preschool ; Eyelids ; Female ; Humans ; Oculomotor Nerve Diseases ; Orbit ; Parturition ; Strabismus ; Synkinesis* ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: To determine the range of cyclotorsion in the mass screening of patients by studying the spatial relationship between the optic disc and the fovea. METHODS: We examined the horizontal and vertical distances from the center of the optic disc to the fovea using the fundus photographs of 249 subjects (498 eyes) without a past history of strabismus through mass screening and then calculated the optic disc-foveal angle. We studied the differences in all the measured parameters between the right and left eyes and between men and women. RESULTS: The horizontal distance from the center of the optic disc to the fovea was 2.59+/-0.26 DD (disc diameter) in the right eye and 2.58+/-0.27 DD in the left eye. The mean horizontal distance was 2.59+/-0.26 DD. The vertical distance from the center of the optic disc to the fovea was 0.28+/-0.14 DD in the right eye and 0.30+/-0.13 DD in the left eye. The mean vertical distance was 0.29+/-0.14 DD. The calculated disc-foveal angle was 6.26+/-2.98 degrees in the right eye and 6.69+/-2.84 degrees in the left eye (mean, 6.50+/-2.92 degrees). There were no significant differences between the right and left eyes or between males and females. The 95% range of the location of the fovea was from 0.01 DD to 0.57 DD inferior to the optic disc center. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the clinical location of the fovea, as measured in the mass screening, extends from the center of the optic disc to the lower edge of the optic disc.
Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mass Screening* ; Strabismus

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical features and natural course of sixth cranial nerve palsy. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 50 patients who were diagnosed with sixth nerve palsy from January 2000 to December 2006 to analyze the age of onset, etiology, recovery, and natural course of this disease. RESULTS: The mean age at onset was 43.2 years old. Vascular disease (n=17, 34.0%) was the most common cause of sixth cranial nerve palsy, followed by undetermined causes (n=14, 28.0%), trauma (n=10, 20.0%), and neoplasm (n=3, 6.0%). According to age group, vascular disease (n=7, 46.7%) was the most common cause in patients in their fifties and sixties, and trauma and undetermined causes (n=10, 76.9%) were the most common causes of this disease in patients in their twenties and thirties. Of the 40 patients who were followed up for more than 6 months, 28 (70.0%) showed improvement of paresis and 26 (65.0%) achieved complete recovery. The mean period to recovery was 3.7 months. No significant differences were observed in sex, age, laterality, and etiology between non-recovered and completely-recovered patients, but completely-recovered patients showed a significantly smaller initial angle of deviation than non-recovered patients. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular disease was the most common etiology of sixth nerve palsy. Sixty-five percent of patients showed spontaneous complete recovery, and completely-recovered patients showed a significantly smaller initial angle of deviation compared to that of non-recovered patients.
Abducens Nerve ; Abducens Nerve Diseases ; Age of Onset ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Paresis ; Vascular Diseases

we investigated the effect of spherical lens-induced anisometropia on dynamic stereoacuity. Twenty subjects with normal binocular function without past ophthalmic disease history were examined for the effect of anisometropia on the viasual acuity, static and dynamic stereoacuity created with spherical lenses in 0.5D stepwise manner before dominant eye from -2.0D to +2.0D. Dynamic stereoacuity was measured by new computer program. And we investigated the effect of anisometropia on dynamic stereoacuity as the power of the lenses was increased and the effect of plus lens vs minus lens on the dynamic stereoacuity. As a result, dynamic stereoacuity decreased statistically significantly as the power of the spherical lenses increased. And the plus 1.5D and 2.0D lens showed more deteriorating effects on dynamic stereoacuity than the corresponding minus power lenses, respectively. No statistically significant correlation was found between static and dynamic stereoacuity at each spherical lens diopter.
Anisometropia* ; Telescopes