Objective:To compare the effects of rotational night shifts on the micturition patterns of fe-male nurses.Methods:A total of 58 nurses without lower urinary tract symptoms were recruited,who worked in the Peking University People’s Hospital during January and June in 2014.The nurses aged 20 -43 years were divided into two groups,the night-shift group (n =28)and the non-shift group (n =30).The alcohol or coffee intaking were forbidden.In the night-shift group,nurses had worked on rota-tional shifts for at least 6 months.Their average age was (26.75 ±4.11)years.In the non-shift group, nurses took regular day-time work,whose average age was (27.80 ±5.60)years.A voiding diary was kept for 7 consecutive days at the end of 6 months,starting 2 days before their night duties until 4 days after completion of their night duties.For comparison,the non-shift group with regular shifts completed a 7-day voiding diary.In the 7-day recording voiding diary,the nurses were required to have the normal in-take of liquid about 1 500 -2 000 mL/d.The frequency volume charts of nocturia,the 8-hour interval urine production and frequency were compared between the two groups.Results:Nocturia frequency was increased in the night-shift group [0.5 (0 -2.4)]compared with the non-shift group [0 (0 -2),P =0.02].The volume of nocturia was increased in the night-shift group [125 mL (0 -660 mL)]compared with the non-shift group [0 mL (0 -340 mL),P <0.01].The 8-hour interval indices showed that urine production changed with shift (P <0.01).In the consecutive 7 days,the nocturnal volume of the night-shift group increased on the day after night shift.When the night-shift nurses returned to daytime duty, the volume of urine decreased but nocturnal urine production remained high,and the frequency of noctu-ria also increased significantly (P <0.05).Compared with the 8-hour interval indices,the night-shift group’s voiding volume [(542.35 ±204.66)mL]and voiding frequency (2.24 ±0.69)were more than those of the non-shift group at the afternoon time (from 2 pm to 10 pm).During the 8 h interval night time (from 10 pm to 6 am),the volume of nocturia in the night-shift group [(309.74 ±162.74) mL]was more than that in the non-shift group [(199.38 ±153.98)mL,P =0.01];the frequency of nocturia in the night-shift group (1.31 ±0.52)was increased than that in the non-shift group (0.82 ± 0.55,P <0.01).Conclusion:The rotational shifts affect the micturition patterns of nurses who go through the night shift work,which increases the volume and frequency of the nocturia.

Objective:To investigate the impact of preoperative urodynamic study on the diagnosis and treatment for female patients with clinical diagnosis of stress urinary incontinence by studying their diag-nosis and treatment database,and to assess its clinical significance of urodynamic study.Methods:From April 2011 to December 2015,196 female patients diagnosed clinically with stress urinary incontinence underwent preoperative urodynamics study,after excluding pelvic organ prolapse.The preoperative uro-dynamic data of these 196 cases were analyzed and the clinical significance of urodynamics on differential diagnosis and treatment for the female patients with stress urinary incontinence was evaluated.Results:In this study,23 cases (11.73%)changed or amended their diagnoses by the urodynamic study,which were inconsistent with the previous clinical diagnoses concluded by the symptoms,physical examinations, and lab tests.A total of 10 cases underwent a different surgery or conservative treatment instead of the original treatment according to urodynamic study.Of them,3 were diagnosed as detrusor overactive and undertook conservative treatment;3 were diagnosed as bladder outlet obstruction plus stress urinary in-continence and were undertaken the transurethral resection of the bladder neck (TURBN)plus tension free vaginal tape (TVT);2 were diagnosed as bladder outlet obstruction plus stress urinary incontinence and were undertaken TURBN alone;1 was diagnosed as bladder outlet obstruction plus stress urinary in-continence and was undertaken TURBN plus tension free vaginal tape obturator (TOT);1 was found no abnormal bladder function turned out to be interstitial cystitis and went for a bladder instillation of drug. The changed treatments avoided the risk of dysuria or residual urine increased after operation due to inap-propriate surgical methods.Conclusion:In order to make a correct diagnosis and suitable treatment for female patients with stress urinary incontinences,the preoperative urodynamic study is necessary besides detailed medical history,physical examination,and laboratory tests.With the help of the urodynamic study,the concomitant diseases of patients with stress urinary incontinence may be detected,the individualized treatment regimen can be developed,and more importantly,the inappropriate surgical de-cision can be avoided.

Objective To compare the outcomes of TOT and TVT procedure treating female intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD).Methods From May 2010 to September 2015,42 stress urinary incontinence (SUI) patients whose abdominal leak point pressure was less than 60 cmH2O were enrolled in this study.Thirty-five patients were followed up.The mean age was (56.8 ±10.5) years,with a range of 30-80 years.The mean history was(10.5 ± 9.1)years,with a range of 4 months to 30 years,with 26 (74.3％) of them being postmenopausal,5 (14.3％) having a history of pelvic surgery,and no pelvic organ prolapsed or hormone replacement.All of them were randomly divided into 2 groups to undergo either TVT operation (13 cases) or TOT operation (22 cases).The baseline characteristics of the two groups including age,length of history,urodynamic parameters and scale scores showed no significant difference.The scales including urinary incontinence severity score (UISS),detrusor instability score (DIS),Quality of Life Scale Evaluation (I-QOL),lower urinary tract symptoms affect score (UDI-6) were used.The outcomes between TVT group and TOT group were compared.Result After procedure,patients in TVT group got a lower UISS score than TOT group(17.2 ± 2.2 vs.17.7 ± 3.1),and their severity of urinary incontinence improved significantly (P ＜ 0.05).Patients from TVT group got a lower DIS score than TOT group (12.6 ± 4.2 vs.14.2 ± 3.5),and their detrusor instability symptoms improved more significantly (P ＜ 0.05).Patients from TVT group got a higher I-QOL score than TOT group(17.5 ± 14.5 vs.16.1 ± 13.0),and their quality of life improved more significantly (P ＜ 0.05).Patients from TVT group got a lower UDI-6 score than TOT group (10.1 ± 3.0 vs.11.2 ± 3.4),and their lower urinary tract symptoms improved more significantly (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Urinary incontinence of female ISD patients were improved greater by TVT than TOT procedure.

Medical college of Xi`an Jiaotong university offered the functional experiment course in 1997. The courseincludes the basic knowledge of medical scientific research, the experimental design and the implementation of theexperiment, totally 24 hours. The course determines the key role of students in teaching, cultivates their ability to studyindependently and raises their comprehensive ability. The course assessment shows a good result.[

Objective To assess the long-term outcome of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in men with different maximum detrusor pressure (Pdet.max).Methods 113 neurologically intact men diagnosed with BPH and undergone surgical intervention in our department were enrolled between Feb.2009 and May 2012.All patients had completed the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and quality-of-life (QOL) questionnaires and had undergone a full urodynamic analysis before surgery.The outcomes were assessed at 24 months postoperatively using the IPSS score,QOL score,and maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax).Results After 24 months follow-up,3 cases in the poor symptom improvement group could not void.The average Pdet.max of these three patients was (15.7±5.1) cmH2O,which was statistically significantly lower than that of the other three groups [(102.7±39.3),(95.9±42.8),(77.0±27.4) cmH2O] (P＜0.05).Nine cases in the poor functional improvement group whose average Pdet.was (32.5± 16.6) cmH2O,which was statistically significantly lower than that of the other three groups [(115.2±36.3),(87.5±28.7),(75.5±46.9) cmH2O] (P＜0.05).Conclusions Urodynamic analysis plays an important role in judging the efficacy of TURP.Patients with a Pdet.max less than 32.5 cmH2O may not have an objectively successful result from surgery treatment.

Objective:To investigate the use of antibacterial agents for emergency patients with acute upper respiratory infections in tertiary hospitals in Beijing .Methods:We used the medical claim data for urban workers in 10 tertiary hospitals in Beijing from Oct .2010 to Sep.2012.Medical records of emer-gency patients with acute upper respiratory tract infections had been selected as the study sample .The proportions of antibacterial prescriptions and categories of antibacterial drugs were described and ana -lyzed.Results:This study included 135 979 visitors (male:42.7%;mean age:43.6 ±16.2 years).The average antibacterial prescription rate was 71.2% (95%CI 71.0%-71.5%), of which the single kind use was 80.0%(95%CI 79.7%-80.2%).Among acute upper respiratory tract infections , the antibacte-rial prescription rate for acute tonsillitis visits was highest (85.1%, 95%CI 84.5%-85.6%), followed by acute laryngitis and bronchitis (81.69%, 95%CI 80.4%-82.8%), acute pharyngitis (81.4%, 95%CI 77.7% -85.0%), acute sinusitis (77.0%, 95%CI 74.6% -79.4%), acute nasopharyngitis (74.3%, 95%CI 73.7%-75.0%), and common cold (67.6%, 95%CI 67.3%-67.9%).Compared with the female group, the antibacterial prescription rate for the male was higher (73.2%, 95%CI 72.8%-73.6%vs.69.7%, 95%CI 69.4%-70.0%).Compared with the <60 years age cases, the anti-bacterial prescription rate for the ≥60 years cases was higher (72.1%, 95%CI 71.8%-72.3% vs. 66 .8%, 95%CI 66 .2%-67 .5%) .In the visitors who used antibacterial drugs , the average percentage of injection use was 50.6%(95%CI 50.3%-50.9%).The top antibacterial drugs in the list of varie-ties were the second generation cephalosporins (28.4%) , followed by the third generation cephalosporins (21.7%), fluoroquinolones (21.0%) and macrolides (17.6%).Conclusion: The antibacterial pre-scription rate for acute upper respiratory tract infections in the general hospitals in Beijing is high , and the second generation cephalosporins , third generation cephalosporins , fluoroquinolones and macrolides take the lead in the total antibacterial drugs .

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of a new pelvic muscle gymnastic exercise in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI).Methods Prospectively,we randomly recruited 60 cases with mild and moderate SUI.We use ICI-Q-SF,pad Test and urodynamics to assess the degree of incontinence,volume of leakage,maximum urethral pressure and functional urethral length before and after intervention.Results The ICI-Q-SF score,volume of leakage,maximum urethral closure pressure and functional urethral length in study group before treatment were 11.6 ±4.2,(5.9 ±2.2) ml,(39.4 ± 12.5) cm H2O and (2.5 ±1.2) cm.The indicators in control group were 10.3 ±2.2,(5.8 ±1.3) ml,(41.3 ±8.9) cm H2O and (2.1 ± 0.5) cm respectively.There was no significant difference between the 2 groups (P ＞ 0.05).The ICI-Q-SF score,volune of leakage and maximum urethral closure pressure in study group after treatment were 7.7 ± 2.7,(1.8 ± 1.2) ml and (65.9 ± 8.9) cm H2O,which were significantly improved than the values of10.1 ±2.1,(5.7 ± 1.1) ml and (44.6 ±9.5) cm H2O in control group (P ＜0.05).Conclusions The new pelvic muscle exercise may play an important role in the treatment of mild and moderate SUI.Therefore,it could be recommended to the patients with mild and moderate SUI.

Objective: To evaluate the medium and long term outcomes of tension-free mid-urethral sling in the treatment of female patients with mixed urinary incontinence (MUI).Methods: Twenty-six patients who underwent the tension-free mid-urethral sling procedure for MUI from April, 2010 to September, 2016, were followed up.Four of the 26 patients underwent retropubic tension free mid-urethral sling (TVT), and 22 of them underwent transurethral middle obturator sling (TOT).Scales were used in the follow-up, such as urinary incontinence severity score (UISS), detrusor instability score (DIS), incontinence quality of life scale evaluation (I-QOL), Urogenital Distress Inventory short form (UDI-6), and the outcomes before and after the procedure were compared.Results: The mean age was 62 years, with a range of 42-80 years.The mean body mass index (BMI) was 26.82 kg/m2, with a range of 21.48-31.14 kg/m2.The mean follow-up time was 26 months, with a range of 8-69 months.Twelve patients never took M-blockers and the rest 14 patients took M-blockers within two weeks.None of the pa-tients had complications, including dysuria, injury of bladder, urethra, obturator vessel or nerve during the surgery.After pulling out the catheter, no one suffered moderate or severe pain or difficulty of urination.The overall cure rate for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) was 96.15% with 25 patients cured, and for urge urinary incontinence (UUI) was 76.92% with 20 patients cured.The patients'' life quality also improved significantly (P<0.05).Conclusion: Ten of the 26 patients showed an overactive bladder according to urodynamic study, from whom all of the six failed patient were.And 16 patients didn''t show an overactive bladder, which may due to two reasons.One is that their sense of urge is not so serious, the other one is that their sense of urge is from urethra.Proximal urethra is full of nerve, which plays a role in sense and urine control.The sense of urge may come from urethra instead of bladder.Tension-free mid-urethral sling procedure is an effective treatment for women with mixed urinary incontinence.Even without taking the M-blockers, the cure rate for urge incontinence reached 76.92%.The efficacy of surgery remained stable in medium and long term, and the patients'' quality of life improved significantly.

Objective To investigate the effects of physical and chemical factors in the environment for dried blood sample (DBS) preparation of neonatal screening assay.Methods A total of 60 normal and 120 positive DBS were prepared under control and 10 different conditions.Another 30 normal and 80 positive DBS were prepared under control and 7 different concentration gradients of formaldehyde.The levels of phenylalanine (Phe),glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenease (G6PD),thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and 17α-hydoxyprogesterone (17α-OHP) were tested by time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay or fluorescence assay.Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 software.Results Compared with the control group,the results of Phe were not significantly different (P ＞ 0.05) when the samples were dried under the formaldehyde sensitive threshold (4.62 to 6.95 ppm for 18 hours).G6PD levels were significantly lowered when the samples were dried under all the conditions except for fast cold drying (2 to 8 ℃ overnight and formaldehyde condition,0.30 to 0.38 ppm for 4 hours or 0.21 to 0.24 ppm for 18 hours).TSH and 17α-OHP levels were lowered obviously when the samples were dried under the conditions of humidity,UV and formaldehyde condition (TSH:0.32 to 0.52 ppm for 4 hours,0.38 to 0.45 ppm for 18 hours,17α-OHP:4.37 to 4.62 ppm for 4 hours,0.38 to 0.45 ppm for 18 hours).The results of Phe,G6PD,TSH and 17α-OHP were not statistically different with the control group when the samples were dried under the fast cold drying and 2 to 8 ℃ overnight.Conclusion The physical and chemical factors in the environment of DBS preparation should be related to the accuracy of neonatal disease screening closely.The necessary control factors including formaldehyde,ethanol,glacial acetic acid,ultraviolet irradiation,heat,humidity and decoration pollution may exhibit significant effects on the preparation of DBS.Fast cold drying and overnight at 2 to 8 ℃ could be available for DBS preparation.

Objective To study the relationship between metabolic syndromes and uric acid calculi.Methods We retrospectively analyzed medical records of 640 adult patients,who were diagnosed as renal calculi and finished the stone composition analysis.Among them,394 cases were male and 246 were female.The averagc age was (50.9 ± 12.8) years old.According to the diagnostic criteria of the MS,the patients were divided as metabolic syndrome group (metabolic syndrome group /MS group and non-metabolic syndrome group (non MS group);the MS group had a total of 238 cases including 151 males and 87 females.The average age was (54.1 ± 11.0) years old.There were 402 cases in non MS group,including 243 males and 159 females,with an average age of (49.1 ± 13.4) years old.We obtained corresponding metabolic indices.By comparing the differences between each group,the statistic were analyzed with SPSS.Results In the MS group,42 cases was diagnosed with uric acid stones,and the nonMS group with 8 cases diagnose with uric acid stones.The MS included obesity,elevated blood pressure,elevated fasting plasma glucose,high serum triglycerides.In the patients obtained,123 had the 4 kinds of metabolic diseases at a time,and 23 (18.7％) cases were diagnosed as uric acid stones.115 patients had the 3 kinds of metabolic diseases in which 19 (16.5％) cases were uric acid stones.190 patients had 2 kinds of metabolic diseases and 5(2.6％) cases were uric acid stones.137 patients had only one kinds of metabolic disease in which 3 were uric acid stones.The multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that,after the correction of gender and age,obesity patients own the OR as 1.10(0.98-1.24)(P =0.018),high blood sugar had the OR as 1.72(1.19-1.92) (P =0.006),high glycerin three fat had the OR as 0.71(0.48-1.09) (P =0.032) and high HDL-C was 0.15(0.03-0.65) (P =0.01).Conclusions The metabolic syndromes including obesity,hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia obviously might influenced the formation of uric acid calculi.