OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of dry eye disease in an urban community in the Philippines.

METHODS: This was a community-based cross-sectional study. Convenience sampling was conducted on residents of Barangay 733, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines. One hundred fifty-seven participants, 19 years old and above, underwent investigator-led interview using a dry-eye questionnaire, followed by dry-eye examination consisting fluorescein tear break-up time (TBUT), corneal staining with fluorescein, conjunctival and posterior lid margin staining (PLM) with lissamine green, and Schirmer I test with and without anesthesia.

RESULTS: Of the 157 participants recruited, 148 (94%) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 52.35 years; 95 (64.2%) were females and 53 (35.8%) males. Thirty-four (22.9%) were diagnosed with dry eye disease, and the most common symptom reported was itching (76%). Those with dry eye had significantly higher ocular surface disease index score and subjective grading of ocular discomfort compared with those without the disease. Mean TBUT for those without dry eye was 12.74 seconds compared with 8.84 seconds for the dry eye group. The mean fluorescein corneal staining scores were 2 and 20 for the none and the dry eye groups respectively. The mean lissamine green conjunctival staining scores were 14 and 55 respectively. A positive PLM sign was present in 67.6% with dry eye vs. 5.6% in the none dry eye group. Mean Schirmer I test without anesthesia was 18.53 mm and 17.09 mm in the none and dry eye groups respectively. Mean Schirmer I test with anesthesia was 13.36 mm vs. 11.94 mm respectively.

CONCLUSION: The prevalence rate of dry eye disease in an urban community in Manila was 22.9%. This figure was similar to those reported by neighboring Asian countries.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Aged 80 And Over ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Fluorescein ; Dry Eye Syndromes ; Tears ; Conjunctiva ; Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca ; Anesthesia ; Pruritus

Objectives: This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of an angle-supported phakic intraocular lens (PIOL) for the treatment of moderate to high myopia. Methods : This is a case series of 13 eyes of 8 patients with moderate to high myopia that underwent implantation of an acrylic, angle-supported PIOL. The main outcome measures were manifest refraction, uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), endothelial-cell count (ECC), intraocular pressure (IOP), and adverse events. Results: The mean spherical equivalent (SE) improved from –11.79 ± 4.12 diopters (D) preoperatively to –0.08 ± 0.58 D postoperatively (p = 0.000), UCVA from 0.016 ± 0.015 to 0.79 ± 0.29 postoperatively (p = 0.000), and BCVA from 0.76 ± 0.33 to 0.86 ± 0.27 (p = 0.017). The ECC slightly decreased from 3033.57 ± 367.71 cells/mm2 preoperatively to 2947 ± 279.86 cells/mm2 (2.8% loss) postoperatively (p = 0.400). The mean preoperative IOP was 16.36 ± 3.53 mm Hg while the mean three-month postoperative IOP was 15.72 ± 4.15 mm Hg (p = 0.659). Two (15%) eyes experienced transient postoperative IOP rise on the day of the surgery, which resolved by postoperative day 1 using topical timolol maleate. The mean follow-up was 2.54 ± 1.39 months (range, 1 to 5 months). Conclusion Acrylic angle-supported phakic intraocular lens (PIOL) implantation is an effective and safe method of correcting moderate to high myopia.
Refractive Surgical Procedures